Abstract：
:This report evaluates the effectiveness of various measures to control the size of illicit cigarette trade in Kenya. It is based on a literature review, a review of conference proceedings/materials, online searches, and analyses of data from the National Statistical Office of Kenya, ERC, and Euromonitor. I used both published and grey literature, official government reports, and online news articles. In response to the presence of illicit cigarettes in the market in the early 2000s, Kenya adopted numerous measures to reduce tobacco tax evasion, with varying degrees of success. The latest solution involving a tracking and tracing system accompanied by electronic cargo monitoring of export seems to be the most effective, as it reduced the size of the illicit cigarette market and increased tax revenue. In addition, it seems to be more resistant to tampering. The experience of Kenya highlights the importance of consistency and comprehensiveness of the system addressing tax evasion, because piecemeal measures have only short-term effects.
journal_name
Prev Medjournal_title
Preventive medicineauthors
Ross Hdoi
10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.025subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-12-01 00:00:00pages
S15-S18eissn
0091-7435issn
1096-0260pii
S0091-7435(17)30145-7journal_volume
105Spub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Breast cancer risk factors include age; a family history of the disease in first-degree relatives (particularly if premenopausal with bilateral disease); proliferative benign breast disease with or without atypia; mammographic parenchymal pattern showing glandular, dense, dysplastic, or Wolfe P2 changes; and obesity. ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0091-7435(91)90009-s
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Misconceptions about antibiotics among the public can potentially lead to their inappropriate use. Currently, there is no antibiotic knowledge assessment tool to address this issue. This study aimed to develop and validate an antibiotic knowledge scale (AKS) and apply this scale to assess public knowledge about antibi...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106262
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Most research on falls among older persons focuses on health-related factors that affect the ability to maintain balance. The objective of the study is to determine the association between physical activity and occurrence of falls among community-dwelling older persons. METHODS:The distribution of falls and...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.017
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Until now it has been difficult to ascertain how much passive inhalation of tobacco smoke affects bronchopulmonary function. To answer this question, an investigation involving 1,351 white collar workers was carried out. Information about active and passive tobacco smoke exposure was obtained by a standardized questio...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0091-7435(84)80015-8
更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To explore longitudinal (demographic, socioeconomic, health and psychological) determinants of walking, moderate and vigorous physical activity. METHODS:The sample included 11,133 adult participants (5913 women; 5220 men) taken from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) project. Demo...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.07.014
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This paper describes decisions about the experimental design for the Youth, Osteoporosis, and Understanding Total Health Project (YOUTH), a trial designed to test the efficacy of a health plan-based lifestyle intervention for increasing bone mineral density among adolescent women 14 to 16 years of age. METH...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.010
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This paper identifies factors that predict achievement of a low-fat diet among 242 California adults with low literacy skills, following their participation in the Stanford Nutrition Action Program (SNAP), a randomized classroom-based nutrition intervention trial (1993-1994). METHODS:The intervention classe...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1006/pmed.1997.0231
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to identify patterns of mammogram and Papanicolaou (Pap) screenings among Mexican American women ages 67 and over. METHODS:Data on 1,403 Mexican American women from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly, a cohort study of community-dwellin...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2001.0880
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of two in-hospital smoking cessation interventions -- brief advice and extended counseling with follow-up. METHODS:The subjects (n=770) were in-patients who were daily smokers or had stopped smoking 30 days preceding admission to 15 wards in five Swedish hospitals. All wards sta...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.06.014
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:This study explores the predisposing, enabling, and need-based factors associated with parents' or guardians' decision to have their child initiate, continue, and complete the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. METHODS:Parents and guardians of children between the ages of 9 and 17years who completed the 20...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.010
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This study characterized Oregon households according to type and degree of restrictions on smoking and explored whether smoking restrictions are associated with decreased environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. METHODS:A population-based, random-digit-dialed cross-sectional telephone survey of 6,199 adu...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2002.1123
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stem cells have been considered for their potential in pharmaceutical research, as well as for stem cell-based therapy for many diseases. Despite the potential for their use, the challenge remains to examine the safety and efficacy of stem cells for their use in therapies. Recently, oxidative stress has been strongly ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.013
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The impact of maternal employment on preventive child health practices has not been studied empirically. Using a household production model, we investigated the relationship between level of maternal employment and child immunization status, use of automobile seat belts, and use of bicycle helmets. METHODS:...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.1998.0312
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There are few theoretically derived questionnaires of physical activity determinants among youth, and the existing questionnaires have not been subjected to tests of factorial validity and invariance. The present study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the factorial validity and invariance ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2000.0735
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Initiation of sun protection strategies can be promoted, to some extent, by educational efforts, but little is known about the merit of continuing education interventions in sustaining the desired behaviors or adding new behaviors. This prospective study clarifies the choices individuals make among the four ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0091-7435(92)90082-s
更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many interventions that may have large impacts on health and health inequalities, such as social and public health policies and health system reforms, are not amenable to evaluation using randomised controlled trials. The United Kingdom Medical Research Council's guidance on the evaluation of natural experiments draws...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.025
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of diet and exercise on serum triglycerides (Trig), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and the HDL to TC ratio (HDL/TC) were evaluated in 45 men training continuously for a duration of 6 months. Body mass index (BMI), percentage bo...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0091-7435(83)90237-2
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An international collaborative group examined the relation between asymptomatic hyperglycemia and coronary heart disease (CHD). After excluding clinically diagnosed diabetes and treated hypertensives, there were 48,912 men aged 35-64 in the study population. Post-load circulating glucose correlated with age, relative ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0091-7435(83)90173-1
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Since survival of patients with melanoma is strongly correlated with the Breslow tumor thickness of the primary lesion, factors that influence stage at diagnosis and delay in diagnosis are considered to be crucial. To test the relationship between tumor thickness and some social and clinical variables (inclu...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2002.1067
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The epidemiologic observation that physical activity reduces the risk for hypertension has only been made for white men who self-reported hypertension. This study examined physical activity and clinically determined incident hypertension in black and white men and women of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communi...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.1998.0431
更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ergothioneine (ET) is a natural compound which humans and other vertebrates cannot synthesize themselves; it must be absorbed from food in which it is distributed very unevenly. In general, ET is considered an intracellular antioxidant. However, the precise physiological purpose of ET and the consequences of ET defici...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.001
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Residency training is an ideal time to prepare pediatricians to address tobacco, although few programs provide the necessary training. Barriers to training include competing priorities, lack of resources, and unavailability of expertise. Solutions for Smoking, a hybrid CD-ROM and web site training program fo...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.008
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:School playgrounds during break times provide potential opportunities for children to be active during the school day. However, there is limited research on how active children really are during these breaks. METHODS:The CAST (Children's Activity Scanning Tool) instrument was developed, validated, and used ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2001.0905
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the nutrition-related cancer prevention attitudes of low-income African American women, determine whether a nutrition education program can alter these attitudes, and determine whether these attitudes are related to diet and dietary changes. METHOD:One-hundred and fifty-seven African American ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.05.006
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although numerous studies have examined repeat mammography, they provide limited information about actual patterns of women's behavior over time. METHODS:In this study, 128 asymptomatic women ages 50 to 75 who had had their first mammograms 15 to 27 months previously were interviewed to determine rates of r...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.1997.0163
更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Walking is a widely used approach to increase physical activity levels in obese patients. In this paper, we investigate the precision and accuracy of an ankle-worn dual-axis accelerometer (Stepwatch) and investigate its potential application as a predictor of energy expenditure. METHODS:Twenty healthy subje...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.07.006
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:This study investigated variation in unhealthy lifestyles within Australia according to where people were born. METHOD:Multilevel linear regression models were used to explore variation in co-occurring unhealthy lifestyles (from 0 to 8) constructed from responses to tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, mode...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.015
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Only a small fraction of the health-care dollar is directed toward lifestyle changes that would reduce the social burden from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Here we discuss the challenge, opportunity, methods, and potential for managed care to implement risk reduction strategies and preventive care. A systematic team ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1006/pmed.1999.0563
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While several cross-sectional studies have shown that self-efficacy, self-esteem and optimism are associated with the use of routine health check-ups, little is known about this relationship based on longitudinal studies. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine whether these factors are associated with ...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.030
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:A large portion of the elderly population of the United States fails to receive an annual influenza vaccination. Minorities may receive disproportionately fewer vaccinations. The objectives of this study were to (a) estimate the levels of influenza vaccination among noninstitutionalized, U.S. citizens, 65 ye...
journal_title：Preventive medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/pmed.2001.0983
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
