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Novel exposure biomarkers of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): Data from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract：

BACKGROUND:N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is a widely used insect repellent in the United States. OBJECTIVES:To assess exposure to DEET in a representative sample of persons 6years and older in the U.S. general population from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS:We analyzed 5348 urine samples by using online solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We used regression models to examine associations of various demographic parameters with urinary concentrations of DEET biomarkers. RESULTS:We detected DEET in ~3% of samples and at concentration ranges (>0.08μg/L-45.1μg/L) much lower than those of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA) (>0.48μg/L-30,400μg/L) and N,N-diethyl-3-hydroxymethylbenzamide (DHMB) (>0.09μg/L-332μg/L). DCBA was the most frequently detected metabolite (~84%). Regardless of survey cycle and the person's race/ethnicity or income, adjusted geometric mean concentrations of DCBA were higher in May-Sep than in Oct-Apr. Furthermore, non-Hispanic whites in the warm season were more likely than in the colder months [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=10.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.28-35.79] and more likely than non-Hispanic blacks (OR=3.45; 95% CI, 1.51-7.87) to have DCBA concentrations above the 95th percentile. CONCLUSIONS:The general U.S. population, including school-age children, is exposed to DEET. However, reliance on DEET as the sole urinary biomarker would likely underestimate the prevalence of exposure. Instead, oxidative metabolites of DEET are the most adequate exposure biomarkers. Differences by season of the year based on demographic variables including race/ethnicity likely reflect different lifestyle uses of DEET-containing products.

journal_name

Environ Int

journal_title

Environment international

authors

Calafat AM,Baker SE,Wong LY,Bishop AM,Morales-A P,Valentin-Blasini L

doi

10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.021

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-07-01 00:00:00

pages

398-404

eissn

0160-4120

issn

1873-6750

pii

S0160-4120(16)30151-9

journal_volume

92-93

pub_type

杂志文章

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Novel exposure biomarkers of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): Data from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.