Abstract：
:Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) is a common and unintended consequence of antibiotic use. Clostridium difficile is the most common infectious aetiology of AAD; however, only approximately 25% of all AAD cases are associated with C. difficile infection, with the aetiology in the majority of cases remaining undetermined. Numerous other bacterial infectious agents have been implicated in AAD, including Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella oxytoca. AAD is a complex disease that is influenced by the host, the infectious agent involved, and numerous clinical factors, including antibiotic treatment regimes. This review re-examines AAD and presents current perspectives on this disease, with a particular focus on the current understanding of bacterial causes other than C. difficile and the virulence factors involved in pathogenesis. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
journal_name
Trends Microbioljournal_title
Trends in microbiologyauthors
Larcombe S,Hutton ML,Lyras Ddoi
10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-06-01 00:00:00pages
463-476issue
6eissn
0966-842Xissn
1878-4380pii
S0966-842X(16)00025-1journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Recent emerging evidence has revealed that regulatory noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, circular RNAs) modulate host-microbe interactions and they have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the host's response to microbiome-linked pathologies such as cancers, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Interactions between m...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2020.12.003
更新日期：2021-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The bacterial type IV pilus (T4P) is a versatile molecular machine with a broad range of functions. Recent advances revealed that the molecular components and the biophysical properties of the machine are well conserved among phylogenetically distant bacterial species. However, its functions are diverse, and include a...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.002
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacteraemia, which frequently leads to infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and metastatic abscess formation. The development of these secondary infections is due to bacterial dissemination from the blood into surrounding tissues and is associated with signi...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.005
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several features of HIV have frustrated efforts to develop a vaccine able to induce broadly neutralising antibodies. The enormous genetic diversity of HIV is a major factor, accompanied by the camouflaged nature of the envelope spike, upon which HIV depends for cellular entry and to which antibodies must bind to neutr...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2008.08.008
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The bacterial flagellum is a complex self-assembling nanomachine that contains its own type III protein export apparatus. Upon completion of early flagellar structure, this apparatus switches substrate specificity to export late structural subunits, thereby coupling sequential flagellar gene expression with flagellar ...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2006.10.006
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the first chemoattractant to be described for a surface-motile bacterium. In Myxococcus xanthus, the specific activity of PE is determined by its fatty acid components. Two active species have been identified: dilauroyl PE and dioleoyl PE. Excitation to dilauroyl PE requires ...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0966-842x(01)01948-5
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Significant advances have been made in recent years in our understanding of how methicillin resistance is acquired by Staphylococcus aureus. Integration of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element into the chromosome converts drug-sensitive S. aureus into the notorious hospital pathogen methicilin-res...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02175-8
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ubiquitin-26S proteasome degradation system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in almost all aspects of plant life, including defending against pathogens. Although the proteasome is important for plant immunity, it has been found to be also exploited by pathogens using effectors to increase their virulence. Recent work on...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.010
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human virome is the viral component of the microbiome. Its composition, and interindividual and temporal variability are not precisely known. Its impact on human health has received less attention than that of the bacterial microbiome, but is likely to be equally important, both in homeostasis and disease. Here we...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2013.07.001
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcriptional regulation enables adaptation in bacteria. Typically, only a few transcriptional events are well understood, leaving many others unidentified. The recent genome-wide identification of transcription factor binding sites in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has changed this by deciphering a molecular road-map o...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.002
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The formation of biofilms is initiated by bacteria transitioning from the planktonic to the surface-associated mode of growth. Several regulatory systems have been described to govern the initiation and subsequent formation of biofilms. Recent evidence suggests that regulatory networks governing the decision of bacter...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2012.10.008
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microbes have chemotactic signaling systems that enable them to detect and follow chemical gradients in their environments. The core of these sensory systems consists of chemoreceptor proteins coupled to the CheA kinase via the scaffold or coupler protein CheW. Some bacterial chemotaxis systems replace or augment CheW...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2010.07.004
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Across a range of pathogens, resistance to chemotherapy is a growing problem in both public health and animal health. Despite the ubiquity of coinfection, and its potential effects on within-host biology, the role played by coinfecting pathogens on the evolution of resistance and efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.002
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evolutionarily related multisubunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs) facilitate gene transcription throughout the three domains of life. During the past seven years an increasing number of bacterial and eukaryotic RNAP structures have been solved; however, the archaeal enzyme remained elusive. Two reports from the Murakami and...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2008.03.008
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The spectacular ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to immortalize and morphologically transform human B cells in vitro to lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) is central to most molecular models of viral oncogenesis. However, binding of transcription factor and oncoprotein c-Myc to the major locus control region (LCR) of...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2004.09.006
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Modern medicine is facing the spread of biofilm-related infections. Bacterial biofilms are difficult to detect in routine diagnostics and are inherently tolerant to host defenses and antibiotic therapies. In addition, biofilms facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance by promoting horizontal gene transfer. We rev...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is of huge importance as it underpins the success of coral reefs, yet we know very little about how the host cnidarian and its dinoflagellate endosymbionts communicate with each other to form a functionally integrated unit. Here, we review the current knowledge of interpartner mo...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2020.08.005
更新日期：2020-09-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of 'molecular syringes' in several important gastrointestinal pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia, together with a better understanding of M cells and the mucosal immune system, has advanced our appreciation of multistage microorganism-host cell interactions. Recent st...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01828-x
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although APOBEC3 degradation is the canonical function of HIV-1 Vif, this viral protein also induces potent cell cycle arrest through a newly defined mechanism. Here, we review recent advances in this area and propose that the scope of this activity may go beyond subversion of the host cell cycle. ...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.001
更新日期：2021-01-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Many reports have documented that Staphylococcus aureus can invade host cells and persist intracellularly for various periods of time in cell culture models. However, it is not clear whether intracellular persistence of S. aureus also occurs in the course of infections in whole organisms. This is a subject of intense ...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2008.11.005
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacterial motility relies chiefly on the rotation of a molecular propeller, the flagellar filament, which is constructed from the protein flagellin. Here, flagellin sequence conservation and diversity is examined in the light of the recently determined flagellar filament structure. As expected, the surface-exposed dom...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.008
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many proteins are transported to the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans to be either integrated into the cell-wall structure or exported to the external medium. Secretion of many of these proteins through the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway is driven by a canonical N-terminal s...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2005.11.009
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Defensins and cathelicidins are prevalent and essential gastrointestinal cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs). However, these defensive peptides are not infallible because certain enteropathogens can overcome their protective function. Furthermore, impaired defensin synthesis has been linked to the occurrence of Cro...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2006.08.008
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seasonal influenza is controlled through vaccination campaigns. Evolution of influenza virus antigens means that vaccines must be updated to match novel strains, and vaccine effectiveness depends on the ability of scientists to predict nearly a year in advance which influenza variants will dominate in upcoming seasons...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.004
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Archaea include microorganisms growing in some of the most extreme environments on earth. Consequently, their cellular components are remarkably stable entities and have considerable potential in the biotechnology industry. Here, we review the structure of archaeal enzymes in the context of their ability to functi...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01316-x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The SOS response is an essential process for responding to DNA damage in bacteria. The expression of SOS genes is under the control of LexA, a global transcription factor that undergoes self-cleavage during stress to allow the expression of DNA repair functions and delay cell division until the damage is rectified. Le...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.009
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During cellular entry and infection, the parvovirus capsid follows a complex path from the cell surface to the nucleus, where the DNA is replicated. Various receptors have been characterized that bind to different parvoviruses and mediate their entry into cells. However, the subsequent trafficking pathways within the ...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.012
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In bacteria, Ca(2+) is implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the cell cycle and cell division. Dedicated influx and efflux systems tightly control the low cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels in prokaryotes. Additionally, the growing number of proteins containing various Ca(2+)-binding motifs supports the...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02284-3
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Entomopathogenic fungi are attracting attention as potential biological control agents of insect pests. The mechanisms of pathogenesis have parallels with those of some plant-pathogenic fungi, particularly in the areas of formation of an infection structure, entry into the host and toxin-mediated host death. Understan...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0966-842x(96)10022-6
更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are zoonotic pathogens that originated in wild animals. HCoVs have large genomes that encode a fixed array of structural and nonstructural components, as well as a variety of accessory proteins that differ in number and sequence even among closely related C...
journal_title：Trends in microbiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
