Abstract:
:Evidence first described in reduced animal models over 100 years ago led to deductions about the control of locomotion through spinal locomotor central pattern-generating (CPG) networks. These discoveries in nature were contemporaneous with another form of deductive reasoning found in popular culture, that of Arthur Conan Doyle's detective, Sherlock Holmes. Because the invasive methods used in reduced nonhuman animal preparations are not amenable to study in humans, we are left instead with deducing from other measures and observations. Using the deductive reasoning approach of Sherlock Holmes as a metaphor for framing research into human CPGs, we speculate and weigh the evidence that should be observable in humans based on knowledge from other species. This review summarizes indirect inference to assess "observable evidence" of pattern-generating activity that leads to the logical deduction of CPG contributions to arm and leg activity during locomotion in humans. The question of where a CPG may be housed in the human nervous system remains incompletely resolved at this time. Ongoing understanding, elaboration, and application of functioning locomotor CPGs in humans is important for gait rehabilitation strategies in those with neurological injuries.
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
Klarner T,Zehr EPdoi
10.1152/jn.00554.2017subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-07-01 00:00:00pages
53-77issue
1eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598journal_volume
120pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Cortical activity contributes significantly to the high variability of sensory responses of interconnected pyramidal neurons, which has crucial implications for sensory coding. Yet, largely because of technical limitations of in vivo intracellular recordings, the coupling of a pyramidal neuron's synaptic inputs to the...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00398.2017
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The completion of an antisaccade (i.e., a nonstandard task) lengthens the reaction time (RT) of a subsequent prosaccade: a behavioral phenomenon termed the unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost. One explanation for the unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost is suppressing a stimulus-driven prosaccade during the precedi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00352.2014
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Brief movements of a large-field visual stimulus elicit short-latency tracking eye movements termed "ocular following responses" (OFRs). To address the question of whether OFRs can be elicited by purely binocular motion signals in the absence of monocular motion cues, we measured OFRs from monkeys using dichoptic moti...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01316.2007
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is evidence that postural instability associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) is not adequately improved by levodopa, implying involvement of nondopaminergic pathways. However, the mechanisms contributing to postural instability have yet to be fully identified and tested for their levodopa responsiveness. In th...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00996.2015
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. A task was used by Posner (1980) to measure shifts of attention that occurred covertly, in the absence of an eye movement or other orienting response. This paradigm was used here to assess the nature of covert attentional orienting in monkeys to develop an animal model for neurophysiological studies. Shifts of atte...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.431
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Is faster or stronger sniffing important for the olfactory system? Odorant molecules are captured by sniffing. The features of sniffing constrain both the temporality and intensity of the input to the olfactory structures. In this context, it is clear that variations in both the sniff frequency and flow rate have a ma...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00672.2011
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many have recently questioned whether all levels of actions understanding, from lower kinematic levels to the higher goal or intention levels of action understanding, are processed in the action observation network (a network of neurons that are active during action execution and observation). A recent study by Wurm a...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00819.2015
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The dorsal horn (DH) of chickens exhibits a novel pattern of cytoarchitectonic lamination among vertebrates, whereby lamina III lies medial, rather than ventral, to lamina II. Indeed, cutaneous nerves labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) form two separate projections across the mediolateral axis of the superfi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.2.241
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::When people match an unseen hand to a visual or proprioceptive target, they make both variable and systematic (bias) errors. Variance is a well-established factor in behavior, but the origin and implications of bias, and its connection to variance, are poorly understood. Eighty healthy adults matched their unseen righ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00633.2017
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recurrent mossy fiber pathway of the dentate gyrus expands dramatically in the epileptic brain and serves as a mechanism for synchronization of granule cell epileptiform activity. It has been suggested that this pathway also promotes epileptiform activity by inhibiting GABA(A) receptor function through release of ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.1932
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The short-term (3-51 days) and long-term (31-42 wk) effects of corpus callosum transection on the receptive-field properties of neurons were assessed at the single-cell, architectural, and topographical levels of organization in the cat striate cortex. Corpus callosum transection decreased the proportion of neurons th...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1984.52.3.570
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dorsal root afferent depolarization and antidromic firing were studied in isolated spinal cords of neonatal rats. Spontaneous firing accompanied by occasional bursts could be recorded from most dorsal roots in the majority of the cords. The afferent bursts were enhanced after elevation of the extracellular potassium c...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2581
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, has three simple eyes, two lateral and one median. We have studied the convergence of the receptors of these ocelli by recording from the second-order cell (I-cell) and from the receptors' terminals. The I-cell's responses to illumination of the median and lateral eyes are similar ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1986.55.5.882
更新日期:1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paired associative stimulation (PAS) based on Hebb's law of association can induce plastic changes in the intact human. The optimal interstimulus interval (ISI) between the peripheral nerve and transcranial magnetic stimulus is not known for muscles of the lower leg. The aims of this study were to investigate the effe...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01176.2006
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. We recorded single cell activities in the caudate nucleus of the monkeys trained to perform a series of visuomotor tasks. In the first part of this paper, we summarize the types and locations of neurons in the monkey caudate nucleus. In the second part, we report the characteristics of neurons related to saccadic e...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1989.61.4.780
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS) induces stimulation polarity-dependent neuroplastic excitability shifts in the human brain. Because it accomplishes long-lasting effects and its application is simple, it is used increasingly. However, one drawback is its low focality, caused by 1) the large stimulation electrode and...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01312.2006
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ankle inversions have been studied extensively during standing conditions. However, inversion traumas occur during more dynamic conditions, like walking. Therefore in this study sudden ankle inversions were elicited in 12 healthy subjects who stepped on a trap door while walking on a treadmill. First, 10 control trial...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01226.2006
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structural features of a synaptic connection between central neurons play an important role in determining the strength of the connection. In the present study, we have examined the relationship between the structural and functional properties of glycinergic synapses in the rat spinal cord. We have analyzed the st...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.312
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated the topography of human cortical activation during an antisaccade task by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We used a figure-eight shaped coil, with the stimulus intensity set just above the threshold for activation of the hand motor areas but weak enough not to elicit blinks. TMS was deli...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.936
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::An initial overload of intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical role in the delayed death of hippocampal CA1 neurons that die a few days after transient ischemia. Without direct evidence, the prevailing hypothesis has been that Ca2+ overload may recur until cell death. Here, we report the first measurements of intracellula...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.81.1.299
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Using extracellular recording techniques in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus, we have evaluated the effects of the redox reagents 5,5O-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and tris (carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) on long-term potentiation (LTP) expressed by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1995.73.6.2612
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Although it is generally agreed that Ca2+ couples depolarization to the release of neurotransmitters, hypertonic saline and ethanol (ETOH) evoke neurosecretion independent of extracellular Ca2+. One possible explanation is that these agents release Ca2+ from an intracellular store that then stimulates Ca(2+)-depend...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.4.1229
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human visual system is remarkably sensitive to environmental regularities, which can facilitate behavioral performance when sensory events conform to past experience. The point at which prior knowledge is integrated during visual perception is unclear, particularly for incidentally learned associations. One possib...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00733.2017
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cultured Kenyon cells from the mushroom body of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, show a voltage-gated, fast transient K+ current that is sensitive to 4-aminopyridine, an A current. The kinetic properties of this A current and its modulation by extracellular K+ ions were investigated in vitro with the whole cell patch-cla...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1749
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sensory adaptation serves to adjust awake brains to changing environments on different time scales. However, adaptation has been studied traditionally under anesthesia and for short time periods. Here, we demonstrate in awake rabbits a novel type of sensory adaptation that persists for >1 h and acts on visual thalamoc...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00116.2015
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as an atypical neuronal messenger affecting synaptic transmission, but its cellular source has remained unresolved as the neuronal NO synthase isoform (nNOS) in brain areas such as the neocortex is expressed only by a small subset of inhibitory neurons. The involvement of the glia...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00676.2009
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscles paralyzed by chronic (>1 yr) spinal cord injury fatigue readily. Our aim was to evaluate whether the fatigability of paralyzed thenar muscles (n = 10) could be reduced by the repeated delivery of variable versus constant frequency pulse trains. Fatigue was induced in four ways. Intermittent supramaximal median...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01002.2002
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that pain can affect cognitive processes, but the cortical networks involved in pain-cognition interactions are unclear. In this study, we determined the effect of pain on the activity of cortical areas involved in cognition acting as a whole (i.e., a network). Subjects und...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01210.2006
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The influence of prior metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation on subsequent long-term potentiation (LTP) induction was investigated with the use of the mGluR agonist 1-amino-cyclopentane-1S,3R-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD, 20 microM). Field potential recordings were made in the stratum radiatum of CA1 slices...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.953
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the parabrachial nuclei (PbN) are the first and second relays in the rodent central taste pathway. A series of electrophysiological experiments revealed that spontaneous and taste-evoked activities of brain stem gustatory neurons are altered by descending input from multiple...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00362.2014
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00