The Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Lymphedema: 2016 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology.

Abstract:

:This International Society of Lymphology (ISL) Consensus Document is the latest revision of the 1995 Document for the evaluation and management of peripheral lymphedema (1). It is based upon modifications: [A] suggested and published following the 1997 XVI International Congress of Lymphology (ICL) in Madrid, Spain (2), discussed at the 1999 XVII ICL in Chennai, India (3), and considered/ confirmed at the 2000 (ISL) Executive Committee meeting in Hinterzarten, Germany (4); [B] derived from integration of discussions and written comments obtained during and following the 2001 XVIII ICL in Genoa, Italy as modified at the 2003 ISL Executive Committee meeting in Cordoba, Argentina (5); [C] suggested from comments, criticisms, and rebuttals as published in the December 2004 issue of Lymphology (6); [D] discussed in both the 2005 XX ICL in Salvador, Brazil and the 2007 XXI ICL in Shanghai, China and modified at the 2008 Executive Committee meeting in Naples, Italy (7,8);[E] modified from discussions and written comments from the 2009 XXII ICL in Sydney, Australia, the 2011 XXIII ICL in Malmö, Sweden, the 2012 Executive Committee Meetings (9),and [F] from discussions at the 2013 XXIV ICL in Rome, Italy, and the 2015 XXV ICL in San Francisco, USA, as well as multiple written comments and feedback from Executive Committee and other ISL members during the 2016 drafting. The document attempts to amalgamate the broad spectrum of protocols and practices advocated worldwide for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema into a coordinated proclamation representing a “Consensus” of the international community based on various levels of evidence. The document is not meant to override individual clinical considerations for complex patients nor to stifle progress. It is also not meant to be a legal formulation from which variations define medical malpractice. The Society understands that in some clinics the method of treatment derives from national standards while in others access to medical equipment and supplies is limited; therefore the suggested treatments might be impractical. Adaptability and inclusiveness does come at the price that members can rightly be critical of what they see as vagueness or imprecision in definitions, qualifiers in the choice of words (e.g., the use of “may... perhaps... unclear”, etc.) and mentions (albeit without endorsement) of treatment options supported by limited hard data. Most members are frustrated by the reality that NO treatment method has really undergone a satisfactory meta-analysis (let alone rigorous, randomized, stratified, long-term, controlled study). With this understanding, the absence of definitive answers and optimally conducted clinical trials, and with emerging technologies and new approaches and discoveries on the horizon, some degree of uncertainty, ambiguity, and flexibility along with dissatisfaction with current lymphedema evaluation and management is appropriate and to be expected. We continue to struggle to keep the document concise while balancing the need for depth and details. With these considerations in mind, we believe that this 2016 version presents a Consensus that embraces the entire ISL membership, rises above national standards, identifies and stimulates promising areas for future research, and represents the best judgment of the ISL membership on how to approach patients with peripheral lymphedema in the light of currently available evidence. Therefore, the document has been, and should continue to be, challenged and debated in the pages of Lymphology (e.g., as Letters to the Editor) and ideally will remain a continued focal point for robust discussion at local, national and international conferences in lymphology and related disciplines. We further anticipate as experience evolves and new ideas and technologies emerge that this “living document” will undergo further periodic revision and refinement as the practice and conceptual foundations of medicine and specifically lymphology change and advance.

journal_name

Lymphology

journal_title

Lymphology

authors

Executive Committee.

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-12-01 00:00:00

pages

170-84

issue

4

eissn

0024-7766

issn

2522-7963

journal_volume

49

pub_type

杂志文章,实务指引
  • Splenic functions in malaria.

    abstract::The spleen traps parasitized erythrocytes within its unique architecture, and this trapping function is modified during plasmodium infestation. Splenectomy dramatically exacerbates the course of experimental malarias probably through elimination of activated cordal macrophages responsible for killing intraerythrocytic...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Wyler DJ

    更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00

  • An experimental study of lymphatic vessel autotransplantation in the dog.

    abstract::To provide greater insight into microsurgical treatment of lymphedema, 7 mongrel dogs underwent autotransplantation of a lymphatic collector into the contralateral lower limb. Two months later, lymphatic vessels were studied using patent blue dye, light microscopy, and histomorphometry. Patency of the transplanted lym...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Castejon R,Gamallo C,Jimenez-Cossio J

    更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00

  • Trends in the evaluation of lymphedema.

    abstract::This study reviews the criteria and the various measurements available for evaluation of a patient with peripheral lymphedema based on a systematic literature search using Medline. Each clinician needs to be more aware of the measuring technique chosen to determine limb swelling with the inherent limitations of each i...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors: Caban ME

    更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00

  • Retroperitoneal nodal aplasia, asplenia, chylous effusion and lymphatic dysplasia: an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?

    abstract::Two adult patients (one in Italy and the other in the USA) are described with similar findings of paraaortic nodal aplasia, asplenism, multiple serous and chylous effusions, and retroperitoneal lymphatic dysplasia. Although the clinical courses are incomplete, this unusual constellation of signs in the setting of norm...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Carini L,Meregaglia LD,Galli C,Segalini G,Strada M,Jones J,Witte MH,Witte CL

    更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00

  • Abdominal lymph flow response to intraperitoneal fluid in awake sheep.

    abstract::Lymphatic vessels are important in draining excess fluid from the abdominal space and preventing ascites. In sheep, diaphragmatic lymph vessels draining the abdominal space run to the caudal mediastinal lymph node and efferent vessels from the node drain into veins in the neck. To estimate the lymph flow response to e...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Drake RE,Gabel JC

    更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00

  • Axillary lymph nodes and arm lymphatic drainage pathways are spared during routine complete axillary clearance in majority of women undergoing breast cancer surgery.

    abstract::Alterations in axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) after complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in comparison to the preoperative status were evaluated using lymphoscintigraphy performed preoperatively and 1-6 weeks after surgery in 30 women with a new diagnosis of unilateral, invasive breast carcinoma. Analysis of ly...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Szuba A,Chachaj Z,Koba-Wszedybylb M,Hawro R,Jasinski R,Tarkowski R,Szewczyk K,Bebenek M,Forgacz J,Jodkowska A,Jedrzejuk D,Janczak D,Mrozinska M,Pilch U,Wozniewski M

    更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00

  • Impeded interstitial fluid movement: a factor in pancreatic oedema.

    abstract::Pancreatic oedema was induced by physiological saline infused into the superior pancreatico-duodenal artery of 34, chloralose anaesthetized dogs. Both lymph flow from cannulated pancreatico-duodenal lymphatics and intralymphatic pressure in the non-transected ones increased significantly. The increase in pressure may ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Papp M,Makara GB,Folly G

    更新日期:1975-12-01 00:00:00

  • Spontaneous alterations in the size of lymph nodes after lymphography.

    abstract::A total of 124 normal nodes in 20 patients with Hodgkin's disease were measured in lymphograms by means of planimetry with point counting. Anteroposterior views were used both in the lymphography (24h) and at subsequent check-up studies. A statistically significant reduction (p is less than 0.05) of 3.5 per cent in th...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: de Carvalho A

    更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00

  • Lymphedema following breast cancer treatment, including sentinel lymph node biopsy.

    abstract::To compare the occurrence, signs, and symptoms of lymphedema (LE) the arms of women after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), combined SLNB and ALND (Both), or neither as part of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, a concurrent descriptive-comparative cross-sectional four-group...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Armer J,Fu MR,Wainstock JM,Zagar E,Jacobs LK

    更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00

  • Next generation sequencing is here now.

    abstract::The availability of massively parallel DNA sequencers has brought the cost of sequencing genes to affordable levels but the cost of analyzing the huge amount of data has not decreased to the same extent. Thus, only analyzing the sequences of the genes relevant to the patient's condition makes the cost manageable. A pa...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Erickson RP

    更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00

  • Characterization of congenital lymphatic and blood vascular malformations in the head and neck using blood pool scintigraphy and spect.

    abstract::The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness and diagnostic efficacy of blood pool (BP) scintigraphy and SPECT for characterizing congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) in the head and neck area. A total of 154 patients suspected of having head and neck CVMs underwent whole-body BP scintigraphy and he...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lee JY,Choi JY,Kim YH,Kim DI,Kim YW,Kim KH,Hyun SH,Lee KH,Kim BT

    更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00

  • VALIDATION OF THE LYMPHEDEMA LIFE IMPACT SCALE (LLIS): A CONDITION-SPECIFIC MEASUREMENT TOOL FOR PERSONS WITH LYMPHEDEMA.

    abstract::Evidence-based practice supports the use of validated outcome measures to assess the impact of lymphedema; however, condition-specific lymphedema assessment measures are needed. The Lymphedema Life Impact Scale (LLIS) was developed as a comprehensive, lymphedema-specific instrument to assess the effects of lymphedema ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:

    authors: Weiss J,Daniel T

    更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00

  • Lymphography of the edematous extremities.

    abstract::The mechanism of secondary lymphedema of the extremities is not always simple to understand. The unsolved mechanism of lymphedema should be further studied from exploring relationship between lymphatic and venous systems each of which has superficial and deep systems respectively. ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Akisada M

    更新日期:1979-03-01 00:00:00

  • Ductus thoracicus lymph in mice. 2. Enzyme activities and protein content.

    abstract::Lymph was collected in anaesthetized mice by a newly developed cervical approach (see preceding paper). Short term drainage, which should not alter the colloid-osmotic forces, meets the physiological requirements for determination of protein content and enzyme activities in lymph and plasma. For cellular enzymes such ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lindena J,Trautschold I

    更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00

  • Lymphography in malignant histiocytosis: case report.

    abstract::Malignant histiocytosis is an uncommon, progressive disease with a poor prognosis which is characterized by malaise, fever, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. Lymphadenopathy is commonly present at presentation as well as during the course of the disease. The lymphographic findings in this case report were very simila...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Musumeci R,Castellino RA

    更新日期:1976-06-01 00:00:00

  • Modulation of mouse spleen natural killer (NK) cell activity by beta-interferon, interleukin-1, and prostaglandins.

    abstract::By using CBA/J mice as a source of effector cells and Yac-1 lymphoma line as "target" cells, the natural killer (NK) cell activity was assayed following both in vivo and in vitro immunomodulation [beta-interferon (IF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), indomethacin (IND), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE)]. Only IF/IND and IL-1/IND mixed in...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Voiculescu CL,Rosu L,Rogoz S

    更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00

  • Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia with amyloidosis--lymphographic findings.

    abstract::This communication describes the fourteenth reported case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia associated with amylodiosis, and the second describing the lymphographic findings with this combination. The appearances on lymphography are indistinguishable from lymphoma. ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Stevens DB,Whitehouse GH

    更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00

  • Alterations of untreated lymphedema and it's grades over time.

    abstract::Lymphedema is assumed to increase in amount and Grade with time. This work verifies that assumption, and may be helpful in persuading patients to undergo treatment and provides prognosis for likelihood of future disability. Before-treatment volumes of lymphedema/normal, Grades and durations' are compared in 231 postma...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Casley-Smith JR

    更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00

  • Factors affecting interpretation of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) in assessing breast cancer treatment related lymphedema (BCRL).

    abstract::Tissue dielectric constant (TDC) measurements are increasingly used as quantitative adjunctive tools to detect and assess lymphedema. Various factors affect measured TDC values that may impact clinical interpretations. Our goal was to investigate possible impacts of: 1) anterior vs. medial arm measures, 2) total body ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Mayrovitz HN,Arzanova E,Somarriba S,Eisa S

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Lymphatic system malformations in Noonan syndrome: Two case reports and imaging analysis.

    abstract::L ymphedema is a well-known complication of Noonan syndrome (NS) but the lymphatic malformations in NS are poorly understood. We report clinical, genetic, and imaging information about a boy and girl with NS and late-onset lower extremity lymphedema. A de novo missense mutation of RIT1 (NM_006912.5) c.246T>A, p.Phe82L...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Liu NF,Gao MZ

    更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00

  • Pulmonary transvascular fluid dynamics in sheep during hemorrhage.

    abstract::The effects of hemorrhage on pulmonary hemodynamics and lung transvascular fluid dynamics were studied in sheep. We found that 2 hr of hemorrhage caused a fall in lung lymph flow (p less than 0.05) and no significant change in lymph protein concentration. The fall in lymph flow was not due to decreased vascular surfac...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Malik AB,van der Zee H,Lee BC

    更新日期:1979-09-01 00:00:00

  • Early fetal hydropic changes are associated with moderate dilatation of the brain ventricular system: A clue to a possible link between cervical lymphatic engorgement and ventricular dilatation?

    abstract::The aim of this study is to assess whether early cervical lymphatic obstruction is associated with a sonographically detectable dilatation of the ventricular system in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. In particular, the objective is to assess whether fetuses with non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF), cystic hygroma, or en...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Paladini D,Donarini G,Conti A,Constanza De Angelis L,Witte MH,Genesio R,Bernas M,Bellini T,Boccardo F,Ramenghi LA,Bellini C

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • A meta-analysis of the relationship between lymphatic microvessel density and the survival of patient with colorectal cancer.

    abstract::Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequently observed malignant neoplasm that is a leading cause of cancer death despite recent advances in treatment and research. The role of lymphangiogenesis in CRC development is a source of controversy in current research. We undertook this study to examine the relationship between lym...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:

    authors: Chen Y,Yan J,Wang Z,Yu S,Yuan Z,Yang C,Zheng Q

    更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00

  • The demonstration of the lymphatic pathways of the Pacinian corpuscles in the mesojejunum of the cat.

    abstract::The possibilities of a combination of modified injection techniques are described. This allows the lymphokinetic effect of a drug to produce a definite improvement in the morphological demonstration of the lymphatics. ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Fabian G

    更新日期:1979-06-01 00:00:00

  • Bronchovascular cuff formation and lung lymph flow in edema formation of anesthetized sheep.

    abstract::The relationship between bronchovascular cuff formation and lung lymph flow in hydrostatic edema was evaluated. After a balloon was inserted into the left atrium to increase left atrial pressure for 5 hrs, peripheral lung tissues were resected for analysis of the wet-dry ratio and cuff formation. The degree of cuff fo...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Naito T,Ozawa Y,Tomoyasu M,Inagaki M,Fukue M,Goto Y,Sakai M,Yamamoto T,Ishikawa S,Onizuka M

    更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00

  • Influence of protein content upon the electrolyte composition of lymph and plasma.

    abstract::The concentration of Na+ and Cl' is higher in renal hilar lymph (HL) than in arterial (P) or renal venous plasma or thoracic duct lymph (TDL). The purpose of the present study was to test the theory that this is the consequence of differences in protein content of lymph and plasma rather than a reflection of renal fu...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: O'Morchoe CC,Holmes MJ,Pinter GG,Jarosz H

    更新日期:1977-03-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of lymph stasis on healing of rat intestinal anastomosis.

    abstract::The effects of lymphatic drainage on ileal anastomotic healing using interrupted polyglycolic acid sutures were studied in rats after division and obstruction of celiac-mesenteric lymphatics, and the data compared with sham-operated controls. In 4 of 20 rats with lymph stasis, but not sham-controls, anastomotic leakag...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: De Franco S,Gelmetti M,Lampugnani R,Gamrielli M

    更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00

  • Surgical exploration of the abdominal lymphatic system in patients with malignancies.

    abstract::In the management of selected patient with malignant diseases, laparotomy can be useful for determining the anatomic extent of disease in order to individualize appropriate intensive treatment. The decision to subject a patient to a staging laparotomy requires joint decisions by surgeons, radiation therapists, chemoth...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Glatstein E

    更新日期:1977-06-01 00:00:00

  • Effect of diaphragmatic lymphatic contamination on caudal mediastinal node lymph flow in unanesthetized sheep.

    abstract::Our purpose was to determine the effect of diaphragmatic lymphatics on steady state caudal mediastinal node (CMN) or lung lymph flow in the unanesthetized sheep. After standard lung lymph fistula preparation, in which the CMN efferent was cannulated, nine sheep had an additional extensive cautery procedure in the righ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Demling RH,Gunther R

    更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00

  • From childhood onset lymphedema to fatal fetal hydrops: Possible modifying genes for a FOXC2 mutation.

    abstract::We performed whole exome sequencing in a family with FOXC2 mutation where the phenotype in one generation was strikingly more severe. Although there were 3 mutations shared by 2 fatal fetal hydrops cases and not the mildly affected mother, none of them were likely to be the cause of the marked phenotypic change. ...

    journal_title:Lymphology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:

    authors: Lai LW,Erickson RP,Bernas M,Witte MH

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00