Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology.

Abstract:

:Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, but it is now clear that myelin has more functions. In fact, myelinating oligodendrocytes are embedded in a vast network of interconnected glial and neuronal cells, and increasing evidence supports an active role of oligodendrocytes within this assembly, for example, by providing metabolic support to neurons, by regulating ion and water homeostasis, and by adapting to activity-dependent neuronal signals. The molecular complexity governing these interactions requires an in-depth molecular understanding of how oligodendrocytes and axons interact and how they generate, maintain, and remodel their myelin sheaths. This review deals with the biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelin with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we will highlight how specific interactions between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia contribute to demyelination in hereditary white matter pathologies.

journal_name

Physiol Rev

journal_title

Physiological reviews

authors

Stadelmann C,Timmler S,Barrantes-Freer A,Simons M

doi

10.1152/physrev.00031.2018

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-07-01 00:00:00

pages

1381-1431

issue

3

eissn

0031-9333

issn

1522-1210

journal_volume

99

pub_type

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