Abstract:
:Measuring facial traits by quantitative means is a prerequisite to investigate epidemiological, clinical, and forensic questions. This measurement process has received intense attention in recent years. We divided this process into the registration of the face, landmarking, morphometric quantification, and dimension reduction. Face registration is the process of standardizing pose and landmarking annotates positions in the face with anatomic description or mathematically defined properties (pseudolandmarks). Morphometric quantification computes pre-specified transformations such as distances. Landmarking: We review face registration methods which are required by some landmarking methods. Although similar, face registration and landmarking are distinct problems. The registration phase can be seen as a pre-processing step and can be combined independently with a landmarking solution. Existing approaches for landmarking differ in their data requirements, modeling approach, and training complexity. In this review, we focus on 3D surface data as captured by commercial surface scanners but also cover methods for 2D facial pictures, when methodology overlaps. We discuss the broad categories of active shape models, template based approaches, recent deep-learning algorithms, and variations thereof such as hybrid algorithms. The type of algorithm chosen depends on the availability of pre-trained models for the data at hand, availability of an appropriate landmark set, accuracy characteristics, and training complexity. Quantification: Landmarking of anatomical landmarks is usually augmented by pseudo-landmarks, i.e., indirectly defined landmarks that densely cover the scan surface. Such a rich data set is not amenable to direct analysis but is reduced in dimensionality for downstream analysis. We review classic dimension reduction techniques used for facial data and face specific measures, such as geometric measurements and manifold learning. Finally, we review symmetry registration and discuss reliability.
journal_name
Front Genetjournal_title
Frontiers in geneticsauthors
Böhringer S,de Jong MAdoi
10.3389/fgene.2019.00397subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-05-24 00:00:00pages
397issn
1664-8021journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:Background:Cystinuria is a rare genetic disorder characterized by defective renal reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, arginine, and lysine. The increased urinary excretion of cystine results in the development of cystine urolithiasis (CU). The mutated SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes are the cause of CU, a global disorder. Its ...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00074
更新日期:2020-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::Among people of European descent, the ability to digest lactose into adulthood arose via strong positive selection of a highly advantageous allele encompassing the lactase gene. Lactose-tolerant and intolerant individuals may have different disease risks due to the shared genetics of their haplotype block. Therefore, ...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.558762
更新日期:2020-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in GNB5 gene have been associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from neurodevelopmental issues with or without cardiac arrhythmia (LADCI) to severe developmental delay with epileptic encephalopathy, retinal dystrophy, and heart rhythm abnormaliti...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00399
更新日期:2020-05-13 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) within the coding regions of genes causing amino acid substitutions (AASs) may have a large impact on protein function. The possibilities to identify nsSNPs across genomes have increased notably with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00021
更新日期:2013-03-06 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with a lifetime morbidity rate of 0.5-1.0%. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia still remains obscure. Accumulating evidence indicates that DNA methylation, which is the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide, might play an important ...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00280
更新日期:2014-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::Background: Sturgeons (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) are a group of "living fossil" fishes at a basal position among Actinopteri. They have raised great public interest due to their special evolutionary position, species conservation challenges, as well as their highly-prized eggs (caviar). The sterlet, Acipenser ruthen...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00776
更新日期:2019-09-05 00:00:00
abstract::Global microarray gene expression analyses previously demonstrated differences in female and male embryos during neurodevelopment. In particular, before sexual maturation of the gonads, the differences seem to concentrate on the expression of genes encoded on the X- and Y-chromosomes. To investigate genome-wide differ...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00891
更新日期:2019-09-24 00:00:00
abstract::Livestock conservation practice is changing rapidly in light of policy developments, climate change and diversifying market demands. The last decade has seen a step change in technology and analytical approaches available to define, manage and conserve Farm Animal Genomic Resources (FAnGR). However, these rapid change...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00314
更新日期:2015-10-21 00:00:00
abstract::Pathway-centric approaches are widely used to interpret and contextualize -omics data. However, databases contain different representations of the same biological pathway, which may lead to different results of statistical enrichment analysis and predictive models in the context of precision medicine. We have performe...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.01203
更新日期:2019-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of functional modules in gene interaction networks is a key step in understanding biological processes. Network interpretation is essential for unveiling biological mechanisms, candidate biomarkers, or potential targets for drug discovery/repositioning. Plenty of biological module identification alg...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00953
更新日期:2019-10-09 00:00:00
abstract::Undergraduate students in the biomedical sciences are often interested in future health-focused careers. This presents opportunities for instructors in genetics, molecular biology, and cancer biology to capture their attention using lab experiences built around clinically relevant data. As biomedical science in genera...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.573992
更新日期:2020-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::The adaptation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to man-made environments for the fermentation of foodstuffs and beverages illustrates the scientific, social, and economic relevance of microbe domestication. Here we address a yet unexplored aspect of S. cerevisiae domestication, that of the emergence of lineages h...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00449
更新日期:2019-05-29 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Using a novel candidate SNP approach, we aimed to identify a possible genetic basis for the higher glioma incidence in Whites relative to East Asians and African-Americans. METHODS: We hypothesized that genetic regions containing SNPs with extreme differences in allele frequencies across ethnicities are mo...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2012.00203
更新日期:2012-10-12 00:00:00
abstract::Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and is derived from an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. This study explored potential prognostic markers in CRC via the construction and in-depth analysis of a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, which was gene...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00418
更新日期:2020-05-08 00:00:00
abstract::Biogeography and community ecology can mutually illuminate the formation of a regional species pool or biome. Here, we apply phylogenetic methods to a large and diverse plant clade, Malpighiaceae, to characterize the formation of its species pool in Mexico, and its occupancy of the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00433
更新日期:2014-12-19 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress is one of the crucial mediators of varicocele-related male infertility. Recently, roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in oxidative stress have begun to emerge, however, little is known about their role in male infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the role of lncRNA SLC7A11-AS1 in var...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.01015
更新日期:2020-09-11 00:00:00
abstract::Mud crab, Scylla paramamosain is one of the most important crustacean species in global aquaculture. To determine the genetic basis of sex and growth-related traits in S. paramamosain, a high-density genetic linkage map with 16,701 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was constructed using SLAF-seq and a full-sib fa...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00298
更新日期:2019-04-05 00:00:00
abstract::The codon redundancy ("degeneracy") found in protein-coding regions of mRNA also prescribes Translational Pausing (TP). When coupled with the appropriate interpreters, multiple meanings and functions are programmed into the same sequence of configurable switch-settings. This additional layer of Ontological Prescriptiv...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00140
更新日期:2014-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::Nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) are revolutionizing the way transcriptomes are analyzed. These methods offer many advantages over most widely used high-throughput short-read RNA sequenci...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00253
更新日期:2019-03-21 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic sclerosis-associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is still a major cause of SSc related deaths. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to reduce the mortality of patients with SSc-PAH. To screen the candidate biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for SSc-PAH, we analyzed the...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00816
更新日期:2020-07-24 00:00:00
abstract::Commensal gut bacteria in many species including flies are integral part of their host, and are known to influence its development and homeostasis within generation. Here we report an unexpected impact of host-microbe interactions, which mediates multi-generational, non-Mendelian inheritance of a stress-induced phenot...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00027
更新日期:2014-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::Variability of the comet assay is a serious issue, whether it occurs from experiment to experiment in the same laboratory, or between different laboratories analysing identical samples. Do we have to live with high variability, just because the comet assay is a biological assay rather than analytical chemistry? Numero...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00359
更新日期:2014-10-20 00:00:00
abstract::Background and aims: Obesity is a major health problem worldwide. Given the heterogeneous obesity phenotype, an optimal obesity stratification would improve clinical management. Since obesity has a strong genetic component, we aimed to develop a polygenic risk score (PRS) to stratify obesity according to the genetic b...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00994
更新日期:2019-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disease, which often causes irreversible damages to the cerebrum. The pathogenesis of AD is far from being fully understood, while there are some popular hypotheses. So far, the diagnosis of AD relies only on clinical screening in the form of imaging tech...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00157
更新日期:2019-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::Known as the "fifth RNA nucleotide", pseudouridine (Ψ or psi) is the first-discovered and most abundant RNA modification occurring at the Uridine site, and it plays a prominent role in a number of biological processes. Thousands of Ψ sites have been identified within different biological contexts thanks to the advance...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00088
更新日期:2020-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::Leukemia, specifically acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is a common malignancy that can be differentiated into multiple subtypes based on leukemogenic history and etiology. Although genetic aberrations, particularly cytogenetic abnormalities and mutations in known oncogenes, play an integral role in AML development, epig...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00133
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Successful seedling establishment depends on the optimum depth of seed placement especially in drought-prone conditions, providing an opportunity to exploit subsoil water and increase winter survival in winter wheat. Coleoptile length is a key determinant for the appropriate depth at which seed can be sown. Thus, unde...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.01345
更新日期:2020-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in CHD7 have been shown to be a major cause of CHARGE syndrome, which presents many symptoms and features common to other syndromes making its diagnosis difficult. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of a panel of intellectual disability related genes was performed in an adult patient without molecular diagnosi...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00007
更新日期:2018-01-26 00:00:00
abstract::Autosomal dwarfism (adw) in chickens is a growth deficiency caused by a recessive mutation. Characteristic for adw is an approximately 30% growth reduction with short shank. The adw variant was first recognized in the Cornell K-strain of White Leghorns, but the genetic causal variant remained unknown. To identify the ...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00193
更新日期:2018-06-07 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease for which it is difficult to find exact disease-related genes. Effectively identifying disease-related genes would contribute to improving the treatment and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Current methods for identifying disease-related genes mainly focus on the hypoth...
journal_title:Frontiers in genetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00328
更新日期:2020-04-21 00:00:00