Abstract：
:Purpose: While the pivotal role of pharmacotherapy in psychiatry is universal, significant regional differences exist in drug use patterns. Herewith we compare the use of ATC psychotropic drugs (N05, psycholeptics and N06A, antidepressants) in 2010-2015 in the three Baltic Countries with reference to the Nordic Countries.Methods: Data were obtained from the national authorities on medicines as expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for expert statements on the rationale of current use of medicines.Results: During the observation period the use of antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives, and antidepressants steadily increased, while the growth in use of anxiolytics stagnated in the more recent years. Antipsychotic use was the largest in Lithuania and the lowest in Estonia. The use on anxiolytics in Lithuania was more than twice of that in Estonia and Latvia. Conversely, the use of hypnotics and sedatives was about three times higher in Estonia than in Latvia or Lithuania. Antidepressant use was dominated by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in all three countries, but overall was much lower in Latvia as compared to Lithuania and Estonia. As compared to the Nordic Countries in 2015, antidepressants are used at much lower level throughout Baltics, probably reflecting underdiagnostics of depression and anxiety disorders.Conclusion: While the health-care expenditures in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are largely similar, as is the cultural and recent political background of these EU member countries, the extent and the pattern of psychotropic drug use is remarkably variable.
journal_name
Nord J Psychiatryjournal_title
Nordic journal of psychiatryauthors
Harro J,Aadamsoo K,Rootslane L,Laius O,O'Leary A,Adomaitiene V,Kupca B,Lehtmets A,Navickas A,Rancans E,Taube M,Terauds E,Pops Kdoi
10.1080/08039488.2019.1707283subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-05-01 00:00:00pages
301-306issue
4eissn
0803-9488issn
1502-4725journal_volume
74pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:The psychopathic traits measured with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in a representative national prisoner sample have not been studied in Finland before. It has been unclear whether there could occur some national differences or whether the PCL-R can be used for assessing psychopathic traits...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2013.780259
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to study associations between sense of coherence (based on Antonovsky's theory), and mental health problems, the use of mental health services, substance use, predisposition to suicide and possible psychiatric diagnosis among Finnish young men. The study included 2314 18-year-old young men wh...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480500360898
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of the study was to investigate associations between patients ratings of their treatment milieu and personal characteristics such as gender, age, educational level, personality disorders, symptom distress, interpersonal problems, global level of functioning, as well as treatment outcome. Data was taken f...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1080/08039480701414999
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Both obesity and smoking are common in schizophrenia patients taking clozapine, causing cardiovascular disease and premature deaths. METHODS:Two hundred and thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses treated with clozapine completed the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Assessment Scale (L...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2014.907340
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The connection between self-image and depressive symptoms in non-clinical adolescent populations has not been well documented in large samples of teenagers. Our purpose was to investigate the correlation between self-image and depressive symptoms. To assess the adolescent's self-concept, we used the Offer Self-Image Q...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480310003461
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The use of mechanical restraint (MR) is controversial, and large differences regarding the use of MR are often found among countries. In an earlier study, we observed that MR was used twice as frequently in Denmark than Norway. AIMS:To examine how presumed MR preventive factors of non-medical origin may exp...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2014.996600
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Establishing post-traumatic stress disorder as a psychiatric diagnosis has only marginally increased awareness of traumatic experiences. Traumas are inconsistently recorded in initial psychiatric histories and, when observed, rarely reflected in the primary diagnosis and treatment. The present study aimed to investiga...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480410005828
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Background Immunological mechanisms may be responsible for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia symptoms. Aim The aim of this study is to measure tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), soluble tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor I (sTNF-αRI), and soluble tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor II (sTNF-αRII...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2015.1122079
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Hoarding is common in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and OCD with hoarding may have poorer prognostic features than OCD without hoarding. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between multifaceted impulsivity and hoarding symptoms in individuals with OCD. This relationship is importa...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039488.2020.1838605
更新日期：2020-11-04 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Studies on both personality dimensions and cognition in schizophrenia are scarce. The objective of the present study was to examine personality traits and the relation to cognitive function and psychotic symptoms in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHOD:In total 23 patients wi...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2015.1048720
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Finland was the first European country to give a high priority to the development of specialized psychiatric services for adolescents. The aim of this paper is to 1) describe the development of these services, 2) study the status and the functioning of psychiatric services for adolescents in 2000 and 3) present some f...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480310000248
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The main objective of this study was to compare life skills between psychotic patients with substance abuse problems and psychotic patients without substance abuse problems. This is a cross-sectional study of 48 patients (26 inpatients and 22 outpatients) in a clinic for early intervention in psychosis. Patients were ...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480600583811
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The CRF family of neuropeptides and receptors is involved in a variety of stress responses, in the regulation of appetite, metabolic and inflammatory processes as well as intestinal movements. From a primarily psychiatric perspective, the present paper reviews the literature on its anatomy, physiology and its involvem...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/08039480801983588
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conduct disorder (CD) is a condition that describes an aggressive, antisocial and criminal individual with social maladjustment. A diagnostician must consider symptoms, time and function when making a diagnosis. The aim of the article is to provide a general outline of the CD diagnosis described in DSM, using three da...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/08039480802626939
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Background Chronotype and insomnia have been related to the development and to an unfavourable course of depression. However, the mutual relationship of both risk factors is as yet unclear, especially in acute, clinically manifest depressive disorders. Aims The present study was carried out to elucidate the separate d...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2015.1112832
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Negative and stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with mental illness must be dealt with to facilitate the sufferers' social acceptance. AIM:The present study aimed at survey Swedish attitudes towards persons with mental illness related to factors impacting these attitudes. MATERIAL AND METHODS:New CAMI-...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2011.596947
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare differences in metacognitive beliefs between patients with bipolar disorder type I (BPDI) with previous suicide attempts (BPDI+), those without suicide attempts (BPDI-), and a control group. It also discusses the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and suicidal behav...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039488.2019.1649722
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this naturalistic and retrospective follow-up study was to identify putative predictors of suicide attempts among young adults at high risk with a particular view on adverse life events. One hundred young adults who had been given emergency treatment for mental health problems in child and adolescent outpat...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480500213626
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the research process, hypotheses, observations and raw data are systematically transformed into new knowledge and scientific rules. People and human input are essential features of the research; the intellectual process performed by the individual scientists and their team. Unplanned administration and human confli...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/080394802753617999
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antipsychotics have been the mainstay of the treatment of schizophrenia, and their potential role in neuroprotection could be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). So far different effects on both serum and plasma levels of BDNF were reported related to the various antipsychotic treatments. Aim of this ...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039488.2017.1340518
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of the study was to investigate how the ethnic variable has been used in mental health research, in theory, in measurement and classification criteria. Journal articles published 1990-2004 that address original research on psychopathology, treatment and mental health services and with "ethnic" or "ethnic...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/08039480802044414
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is highly relevant to estimate to what extent a person with schizophrenia engages in occupations and participates in different life situations in order to understand the determinants of well-being in this group of people. This study aimed at examining the construct validity of the instrument Profile of Occupational...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480600636239
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:A body of research has demonstrated high rates of comorbidity among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Further, recent empirical evidence has demonstrated the relevance of death anxiety in OCD. Given that the trajectory towards OCD remains unclear, the current study aimed to examine which ...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039488.2020.1817554
更新日期：2020-09-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric illness in children and adolescents. Previous evidence suggests that fluoxetine is effective in the treatment of OCD in children and adolescents. However, those studies had small sample sizes. As a result, a systematic review, which is a more powe...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1080/08039488.2020.1744037
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To study the correlation of personality traits measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) with the prognosis of major depressive disorder in patients treated with either fluoxetine or short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in a randomized comparative study. METHOD:35 patients with DSM IV-defin...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.3109/08039488.2010.487571
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The Rorschach Inkblot Method is regarded as an important clinical instrument for detailed diagnostic description of the integrative capacities of individuals in psychotic states and as an instrument for measuring progression in the course of treatment. AIMS:To describe relevant Rorschach variables at baseli...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2011.595500
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) has been associated with several psychological factors. But previous psychological data are limited and mainly restricted to male patients and small sample size. In this study we investigated psychosomatic complaints, personality factors, life events, and stress coping ...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2015.1041156
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and the validity of the Finnish version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). As part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project, the TAS-20 was presented to a sample of 5034 31-year old persons. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that th...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08039480151108561
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Declared suicidal intent and physical danger are both considered important components in defining suicidal behaviors (SB). AIMS:1) To investigate characteristics of serious suicidal behaviors (SSB), defined by either suicidal intent or lethality; 2) To determine any difference in terms of socio-demographic,...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.3109/08039488.2013.767934
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:Schizophrenia, with incidence of 1% worldwide, is a common mental disorder. Phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, intracellular trafficking, and survival. These enzymes play an important role in...
journal_title：Nordic journal of psychiatry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08039488.2015.1092171
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
