Abstract:
:Skin phototyping refers to a skin classification scheme based on how the skin responds to sun exposure. The Fitzpatrick classification is the most widely accepted method of skin phototyping, based on a person's tendency to sunburn and ability to tan. Apart from estimating the initial therapeutic dose of UV light, skin phototyping is also useful in predicting the risk of photodamage and skin cancer and the outcome of esthetic procedures. Techniques to type the skin objectively have been developed to address the deficiencies associated with the subjective Fitzpatrick classification. Some skin typing systems have been proposed specifically to predict the response of skin to cosmetic procedures such as chemical peeling and laser resurfacing. We discuss the concept of skin type and its relation to skin color, as well as critically appraising the various available methods of skin typing.
journal_name
Clin Dermatoljournal_title
Clinics in dermatologyauthors
Gupta V,Sharma VKdoi
10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-01-01 00:00:00pages
430-436issue
5eissn
0738-081Xissn
1879-1131pii
S0738-081X(19)30121-Xjournal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Ethical issues commonly arise in inpatient dermatology consultations. We describe the case of an inpatient suffering from a severe, undiagnosable skin condition that raises key principles of medical ethics. The four principles include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ethical situations faced by inpa...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.06.019
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Variations in pain perception have long been studied in the medical literature, especially for women in regards to their menstrual cycle. Anecdotally, women can be more sensitive to painful stimuli from cosmetic procedures during their menses; however, no studies have thoroughly examined variations in pain perception ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.011
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic tool has revolutionized the approach to facial esthetics. In the 1970s, Dr. Alan B. Scott pioneered the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for strabismus. This discovery led to further studies examining other clinical applications of BTX-A and, more recently, botu...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.11.009
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Formulating at acidic pH is a route to improve the chemical or biological stability and the performances of cosmeceuticals. Unfortunately, its potential is limited by the poor differentiation of available acidic agents, and by the risk of skin irritation. Recently, a perfluoropolyether phosphate was proposed to formul...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.04.005
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, dermatology group practice ownership structures have changed, as private equity (PE) consolidates independent dermatology practices to create larger groups. Currently, little is known about how dermatology residents perceive practice ownership structures, including those that are owned by PE. One hundred thi...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.02.008
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tongue is a complex organ involved in speech and expression as well as in gustation, mastication, and deglutition. The oral cavity, along with the tongue, are sites of neoplasms, reactive processes, and infections, and may be a harbinger of systemic diseases. This review includes both common and rare diseases that...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.018
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin allografts were first used at the end of the last century by Girdner [Girdner JH. Skin grafting with graft taken from the dead subject. Med Rec (NY) 1881;20:119-20]; however, routine storage of human tissue developed only in the 1930s to 1940s [Webster JP. Refrigerated skin grafts. Ann Surg 1944;120:431-49] when ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.016
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Personality disorders (PDs) are stable and enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that deviate from one's cultural norms and cause impairment in functionality. Patients with PDs are commonly encountered in the dermatologic setting and can be perceived by providers as "difficult." Given that PDs are chroni...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.01.009
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2002, new guidelines for interactions with the pharmaceutical industry and physicians were published as an official code of conduct. Adherence to the guidelines was voluntary, and there were no provisions for discipline to companies who did not subscribe to the code or who subscribed but did not comply. Many of the...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.02.005
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Facial erythema (the "red face") is a straightforward clinical finding, and it is evident even to the untrained eye; however, a red face does not represent a single cutaneous entity. It may be due to a plethora of distinct underlying conditions of varying severity, including rosacea, demodicosis, dermatomyositis, lupu...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.015
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Squaric acid dibutylester is a topical sensitizing agent utilized for the treatment of alopecia areata. The mechanism of action is not fully understood, but is believed to redirect the inflammatory response by invoking allergic contact dermatitis. Several studies have compared the efficacy of squaric acid dibutylester...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.12.001
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alopecia is a skin condition of great social and psychologic impact. Primary alopecia originates from the hair follicles and usually does not have systemic manifestations; however, secondary alopecia can affect the hair follicles in the setting of systemic diseases, medications, and external trauma. Connective tissue ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.026
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Shortly after syphilis appeared in Europe at the time of Columbus' voyage to the New World, the big pox, as it was often known, became a serious issue in Russia for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Members of the Russian royal family were made aware of the disease from adolescence onward. Czar Peter the Great had...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.09.002
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer is a disease of older age where genomic instability, impaired DNA repair, and weakened immune surveillance against cancer are recognized to play a causative role. Because the incidence of melanoma is increasing at a very fast pace in the elderly and there is a rapid expansion of the aging population, a large nu...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.08.011
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monitoring patients on therapy consists of 2 parts: evaluation of response and mitigation of risk. Biologics for the treatment of psoriasis are no different. Although laboratory assessments are sometimes necessary, the key elements to appropriate monitoring are clinical assessments and vigilant reinforcement of signs ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.11.001
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Actinic keratoses (AKs) represent the earliest stage in the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and represent important biomarkers for individuals at risk for development of invasive SCC. Based on clinical morphology, AK can be subdivided into three different grades, which correspond to specific dermatoscopic...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.028
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are clearly responsible for the induction of genital lesions like condylomata acuminata, bowenoid papules, and flat condylomas. Moreover, the DNA of particular virus types (HPV 16 and 18) is found in a substantial number of invasively growing squamous cell carcinomas of the genital tract, ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0738-081x(85)90056-2
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malignancy in patients with sarcoidosis occurs in 3 settings. The first setting relates to patients with hematologic malignancies. It includes the sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome, which refers to the development of lymphoma at least 1 to 2 years after the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. It also includes patients with sarcoido...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.03.010
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous zygomycosis is a fungal infection caused by zygomycetes that affects the skin. It occurs in uncontrolled diabetic patients and immunosuppressed individuals. It has 2 clinical forms: primary cutaneous zygomycosis and secondary cutaneous zygomycosis. The first is characterized by necrotic lesions and the fungu...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.09.013
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, also known as obstetric cholestasis, is a pruritic condition of pregnancy characterized by an underlying elevation in circulating bile acids and liver derangement, and associated with adverse fetal outcomes, such as preterm labor and stillbirth. Limited understanding of the under...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.004
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A red swollen face can be a skin sign of a potentially life-threatening condition. We present in detail the main clinical presentations, diagnostic tests, and management of some of the most severe conditions that can frequently present as a red and swollen face: acute or recurrent angioedema, mast cell-driven or brady...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.017
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genodermatoses are inherited disorders presenting with cutaneous manifestations with or without the involvement of other systems. The majority of these disorders, particularly in cases that present with a cutaneous patterning, may be explained in the context of genetic mosaicism. Despite the barriers to the genetic an...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.03.008
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stress is thought to suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to infections and cancer. Paradoxically, stress is also known to exacerbate autoimmune/proinflammatory disorders (eg, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis) that should be ameliorated by immunosuppression. Here we review studies showing that although chr...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.11.003
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin cancer is both common and responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Opportunities for both primary and secondary prevention are available to both dermatologists and non-dermatologists. Counseling selected patients about ultraviolet avoidance and proper use of sunscreens is recommended. Due to technical...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.002
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychocutaneous morbidity is commonly found in dermatologic practice. Patients generally refuse referral to psychiatry, and dermatologists cannot always provide psychotherapeutic support. By establishing an alliance with these patients and with working knowledge of the common psychotherapeutic agents used in dermatolo...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.11.013
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::From ancient times, light has played a significant role in the treatment of diseases. The modern discoveries (eg, ultraviolet radiation) and modern inventions (eg, the electric generator or the electric lightbulb), as well as balneologic experiences of the treatment with sunlight, contributed to the transition from he...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.002
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of both solid and hematologic malignancies. As immunomodulatory therapies are employed with increasing frequency, a greater number of immune-related adverse reactions are being reported, and the majority of these involve the skin. As a resul...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.06.011
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::About 5% of all cancers worldwide can be attributed to human papillomaviruses (HPVs); namely, six sites are strongly associated with HPV infections: cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common mal...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.009
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance syndrome is a constellation of obesity-related metabolic derangements predisposing to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In 1998, WHO defined the first criteria of MetS. Three years later, the user-friendly National Cholesterol Education Program criteria of ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.002
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::From the Eskimo in Greenland to the tribes in Polynesia-the whole world knows the art of tattoo. Despite their wide popularity the relation between the skin diseases and the tattooed pictures aren't studied in depth. With the appearance of professional tattoo studios, the risk of infectious complications was reduced. ...
journal_title:Clinics in dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.05.012
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00