Abstract:
CONTEXT:β-d-Mannuronic acid (M2000) has shown its therapeutic effects with the greatest tolerability and efficacy in various experimental models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA), nephrotic syndrome, and acute glomerulonephritis. Despite pharmacological effects of β-D-mannuronic acid, there have been no systematic toxicological studies on its safety so far. OBJECTIVE:The study was designed to determine the acute and subchronic toxicity of β-D-mannuronic acid, an anti-inflammatory agent, in healthy male NMRI mice and Wistar rats, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS:For the acute toxicity study, the animals received orally five different single doses of β-D-mannuronic acid and were kept under observation for 14 d. In the subchronic study, 24 Wistar male rats were divided into four groups and were treated orally (gavage) once daily with test substance preparation at dose levels of 0, 50, 250, and 1250 mg/kg body weight for at least 63 consecutive days (9 weeks). Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights, and histopathological determinations were monitored during the study. RESULTS:The results of acute toxicity indicated that the LD50 of β-D-mannuronic acid is 4.6 g/kg. We found no mortality and no abnormality in clinical signs, body weight, relative organ weights, or necropsy in any of the animals in the subchronic study. Additionally, the results showed no significant difference in hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters in rats. CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that β-D-mannuronic acid is relatively safe when administered orally in animals.
journal_name
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicoljournal_title
Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicologyauthors
Fattahi MJ,Abdollahi M,Agha Mohammadi A,Rastkari N,Khorasani R,Ahmadi H,Tofighi Zavareh F,Sedaghat R,Tabrizian N,Mirshafiey Adoi
10.3109/08923973.2015.1113296subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-01-01 00:00:00pages
535-40issue
6eissn
0892-3973issn
1532-2513journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Objectives: Several studies demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of melatonin and celecoxib. This study is designed to explore the underlying mechanism of hepatoprotective effects of melatonin and celecoxib against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by morphological, and biochemical approaches.Materials...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923973.2020.1746802
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglial cells after activated play critical roles in development of neuroinflammation, and may accelerate the progression of AD. Andrographolide (ANDRO), a potent naturally extracte...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923973.2017.1344989
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antidepressants are reported to display anti-inflammatory effects. Nitric oxide (NO), in turn, has a key role in inflammation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of amitriptyline co-administered with L-NAME (a NO synthase inhibitor) on certain parameters of acute inflammatory response in rat...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923973.2011.638305
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A polymerase chain reaction was devised to simultaneously detect repeated insertion sequences and the pertussis toxin promoter gene for the diagnostic identification of Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. The sensitivity of this method was sufficient to detect one B. pertussis organism using...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979909016394
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The protective effects of baicalin (BA), a major flavone from Scutellaria radix, on acetaminophen (AP)-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanism(s) of its protective action were investigated in mice. Treatment with BA (300 mg/kg, p.o.) 0.5 h after AP administration significantly prevented an increase in plasma...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/iph-120026443
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammation is a physiological process essential for maintaining homeostatic mechanisms in human, but however, exaggerated inflammatory responses are closely related to many chronic diseases. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with high toxicity when present in food, water and air has the potential of eliciting inflammato...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/08923973.2019.1697284
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Taraxasterol, a pentacyclic-triterpene, was isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Taraxacum officinale. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of taraxasterol on murine model of endotoxic shock and the mechanism of its action. Mice were treated with 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg of taraxasterol prior to ...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923973.2013.861482
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The induction of T-cell responses involves the recognition of extrinsic antigens in association with antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The present results demonstrate that the lateralized control exerted by the brain neocortex on T-cell activities extends to the expression of MHC antigens, yet di...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923978809014334
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The anti-tumour antibiotic Bleomycin, the experimental immunostimulatory tripeptide FK 565, and the immunosuppressive agent Cyclosporin A were examined for their in vitro effects on the release of the haemopoietic cytokine Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) from LPS stimulated BALB/c adherent pe...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979509016381
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aberrant expression of apoptosis-related genes, including the "cell death suppressor gene" bcl-2, may play an important pathogenetic role in cancer and autoimmune diseases, In vivo upregulation of bcl-2 mRNA in synovial lining cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in patients with osteoarthritis has been...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979809034809
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 15 elderly individuals lyophilized Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) (Infloran) were administered in capsules (two capsules 4 times per day) for 28 days, while in 10 elderly controls placebo were given the same posology and for an equal period of time. The effects of this treatment on ...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979209009228
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously shown that a mitogenic fraction (PH-I) separated from Pseudostellaria heterophylla (P. heterophylla) could act as a priming agent for the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in mice. In the present study, PH-I was further purified by gel filtration chromatography and the resulting thr...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979409007098
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Superoxide and its derived active oxygen species are responsible for the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-mediated tumoricidal activity which is typically shown in the intraperitoneal administration of OK-432, a biological response modifier, for cancer ascites. We examined the effects of intraperitoneal administratio...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979509019750
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of Withania somnifera on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and electron transport chain in azoxymethane-induced experimental colon cancer in mice. Azoxymethane at the dose of 15 mg/kg body weight was induced intraperitoneally once in a week for 28 ...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923970903581540
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, a number of studies have focused on the secondary effects of rifampicin. In the present study, we assessed whether rifampicin influences the rapamycin-induced autophagy of RAW 264.7 cells. Here, we demonstrate that the rapamycin-induced autophagy is dependent on protein phosphatase (PP) 2A activity and rifam...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923970802135732
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several abnormalities of the immune system have been reported in association with clinical and experimental iron overload. To dissect further such abnormalities, changes in lymphocyte subsets were evaluated in iron-loaded male Sprague-Dawley rats. The iron-loading protocol consisted of a total dose of irondextran (1.5...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979709038534
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) has been shown to inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells. In the present study, the effect of DSCG on active anaphylactic reaction was studied in mice. DSCG dose-dependently inhibited the active systemic anaphylactic reaction and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E production induced by i...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/iph-100103862
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract Alpinetin, a flavonoid compound extracted from the seeds of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, has been known to possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other important therapeutic activities. In the current study, we investigated alpinetin for its immunosuppressive effect on activation and cytokines secretion o...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.932798
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments were performed to analyze the possible effect of the immunomodulating agent Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) on mouse Natural Killer (NK) cell activity and glucocorticoid hormone(GCH)-induced thymocyte apoptosis. The results indicate that in vivo treatment with Pidotimod (200 m...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923979209009231
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the role of CD4(+) T cells in neurotrophin production following toluene exposure, male C3H mice were exposed to filtered air (control) or 9 ppm of toluene in a nose-only exposure chamber for 30 min on 3 consecutive days followed by weekly sessions for 4 weeks. All the mice were immunized with ovalbumin ...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923970802504762
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has been traditionally used for the treatment of allergy, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. The present study aims to investigate the suppressive effects of parsley essential oil on mouse splenocytes and macrophages cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS:Parsley essential...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923973.2011.603338
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The modulatory effect of FK 506 and cyclosporin A (CsA) on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages and mechanisms of their action were analysed. Isolated rat peritoneal macrophages were cultured for 12 or 24 h with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 microg/ml) and in the absence or ...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/iph-100102568
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by disabilities in gastrointestinal system and defects in mucosal immune system. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor and are used to treat hypercholesterolemia in patients with coronary artery and atherosclerotic diseases. Recent studies ...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08923973.2011.559475
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Objective: Apigenin is a natural flavonoid compound extracted from Matricaria chamomilla. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin in this study using the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia.Methods: BV2 cells were treated with apigenin for 1 h and then treated with LPS. The inflammatory cy...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923973.2019.1688345
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both pregnancy and cyclosporin A (CsA) are known to inhibit T-cell mediated immune response and to activate phagocytes against microbial infections as a compensatory mechanism. Pregnant women, either with organ transplantation or suffering from autoimmune diseases, are commonly managed with CsA therapy. This investiga...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923970701619760
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Identifying the regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells led to breaking the dichotomy of Th1/Th2 cells axis in immune responses involved in several autoimmune diseases. It is now well known that Tregs and Th17 cells are main orchestra leaders in pathogenesis symphony of autoimmunity. While Tregs are protective cells...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08923973.2011.619987
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Formyl peptides are oligopeptides released by Gram-negative bacteria. So far, specific formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) have been described in mammals only. FPRs are seven-transmembrane G-coupled molecules and make up a relatively homogeneous group, although exhibiting different levels of affinity for the ligands. We e...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923970701512544
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Context: Pyocyanin is a typical Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor, a common Gram-negative rod responsible for a wide range of severe nosocomial infections. There is evidence indicating that pyocyanin has multiple biological activities, but little is known about anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08923973.2018.1555845
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Host-parasite interactions and their outcome constitute a critical and challenging step in disease establishment in cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present in vitro study we investigated the possible modulating effects of both sensory and autonomic neuropeptides that normally exist in human and mouse skin, on the upta...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1081/iph-100107339
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a neurological impairment caused by compression of the median nerve throughout the carpal tunnel, which consequently induces ischemia and mechanical disruption, dysfunctional axonal transport, and epidural blood flow. Most common symptoms include numbness, rather than pain, with a typic...
journal_title:Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08923973.2010.551214
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00