Abstract：
:Cortical/cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is the most frequent cause of pediatric visual impairment in developed countries and is increasing in prevalence in developing nations. The most common underlying etiology is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, particularly in premature children. Other causes include seizures, hydrocephalus, trauma, and infections. Because of neurologic comorbidities, children with CVI often present challenges in diagnosis and characterization of visual deficits. Caregiver questionnaires may aid in assessment of visual functioning, while newer types of neuroimaging, including functional neuroimaging and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, may provide further insights on structure-function relationships. Genetic testing may assist in identification of underlying genetic or metabolic syndromes. Although no standard therapy for pediatric CVI exists, advances in care of preterm children and those with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may in future reduce the incidence of this disorder. In addition, various methods of visual stimulation and stem cells have been advocated as treatment for pediatric CVI. Future controlled trials using standardized methods of visual assessment are necessary to establish whether these interventions are superior to observation. Practitioners should work with families and teachers of children with CVI to optimize their environment for visual functioning. Comorbid ocular and systemic disorders, which are common, should be managed appropriately.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Chang MY,Borchert MSdoi
10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.03.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-01-01 00:00:00pages
708-724issue
6eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
S0039-6257(20)30049-7journal_volume
65pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high-resolution ultrasound technique that allows noninvasive in vivo imaging of structural details of the anterior ocular segment at near light microscopic resolution and provides detailed assessment of anterior segment structures, including those obscured by normal anatomic and pat...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.04.004
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With improving surgical technique and equipment, the acceptable age for placing an intraocular lens in infants and children is becoming younger. The tools for predicting intraocular lens power have not necessarily kept up, as current theoretical and regression intraocular lens power prediction formulas are largely bas...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.06.010
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent clinical trials have changed the management paradigm for diabetic macular edema (DME). There is an urgent need to identify the most effective ways of preventing retinopathy or intervening at an early, asymptomatic stage in order to preserve vision. The rise in the incidence of diabetes is a serious public healt...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.10.002
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The growth of the eye results in a myopic shift in aphakic and pseudophakic eyes during childhood. Cataract surgery after the age of 6 months, with or without lens implantation, appears to have little effect on the rate of refractive growth. Most children with pseudophakia have a large amount of myopic shift. This myo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.07.001
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 24-year-old man experienced the sudden onset of a painless superior-temporal visual field defect of the left eye. Fundoscopy showed peripapillary pigmentary changes and a few nasal retinal white spots. Automated perimetry demonstrated an enlarged blind spot. The differential diagnosis of the various presumed inflamm...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.12.003
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D may be implicated in the pathophysiology of several ocular diseases, but its role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains uncertain. We sought to review systematically the existing evidence to evaluate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D levels and AMD. A four-database search ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.07.003
更新日期：2020-08-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Given the recent interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), some patients may seek such treatments to supplement their traditional glaucoma management. The prevalence of CAM use for glaucoma is approximately 5%. We reviewed the literature to determine the potential benefit of various alternative treatme...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00233-8
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 30-year-old man presented with painless total visual loss in the right eye. Fundus exam and imaging was consistent with total internal carotid artery occlusion and hemispheric stroke. The presentation and management options of retinal vascular occlusive disease in association with asymptomatic stroke are discussed. ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.007
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful, non-invasive technique for mapping human brain function. Because of the robust signal intensity changes associated with visual stimuli, fMRI is particularly useful for studying visual cortex (including both striate and extrastriate cortex). Also, activation o...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00356-9
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A common detection and classification system is needed for epidemiologic studies of age-related maculopathy (ARM). Such a grading scheme for ARM is described in this paper. ARM is defined as a degenerative disorder in persons > or = 50 years of age characterized on grading of color fundus transparencies by the presenc...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80092-x
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sphingolipids are a ubiquitous membrane lipid present in every cell and found most abundantly in neural tissues. Disorders such as Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick disease are the most familiar examples of dysfunction in sphingolipid metabolism and are typically associated with neurodegeneration and ocular findings such as b...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.02.005
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ocular myasthenia is a localized form of myasthenia clinically involving only the extraocular, levator palpebrae superioris, and/or orbicularis oculi muscles. Ocular manifestations can masquerade as a variety of ocular motility disorders, including cranial nerve and gaze palsies. A history of variable and fatiguable m...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(94)90194-5
更新日期：1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 63-year-old man developed bilateral conjunctival injection and irritation followed by periocular discomfort and diplopia. Within weeks left proptosis and intermittent fever were noted. Orbital CT scan showed bilateral nodular enlargement of multiple extraocular muscles. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the extraocul...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90087-2
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 47-year-old man presented with sudden visual loss, optic disk edema, retinal ischemia, and limited upgaze in the left eye. Initial MRI revealed thickened, enhancing left optic nerve. Extensive work-up for an inflammatory and infiltrative etiology was positive only for Borrelia burgdorferi IgM by Western blot. Six we...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.12.003
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The angiostatic cortisene anecortave acetate was evaluated in three safety and efficacy studies of patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS:The Anecortave Acetate Monotherapy Trial enrolled 128 patients randomized to anecortave acetat...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.11.005
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymoxamine is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent which works by competitive antagonism of norepinephrine. It is the only alpha-adrenergic blocker available which has tolerable side effects when used as an ophthalmic solution. When used as a 0.5% solution it consistently produces miosis without affecting the intraocul...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(80)90150-2
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinoblastoma usually presents in children younger than 5 years. To our knowledge, 20 cases of retinoblastoma in adults (older than 20 years) have been reported in the literature. Of 173 patients with histopathologically proven retinoblastoma seen in our institute, three were adults. All the patients had endophytic t...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00132-0
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Once we understand that an increase in the size of the optic disk cup is due to loss of optic nerve fibers combined with some physical tissue rearrangements, it is quite clear that cupping begins as soon as nerve loss begins. Methods to detect cupping are more sensitive to the earliest glaucoma damage than are present...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(85)90080-3
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adjunctive therapy for the management of glaucoma is commonly used. Unfixed combinations of the prostaglandin analog latanoprost and other glaucoma medications have been demonstrated to effectively lower intraocular pressure (IOP). The range of reported additional reductions in IOP compared to a monotherapy baseline a...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00295-3
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves a progressive impairment of the outer layers in the center of the retina. Experimental studies have demonstrated that bright light preferentially damages precisely the region that degenerates in AMD. The evidence that solar radiation is responsible for some of the deteri...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90174-9
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent literature suggests that the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis is variable and may be on the rise. This article reviews established perioperative preventative measures, and discusses some possible causes of postoperative endophthalmitis that may be insufficiently addressed by current risk reduction tec...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.01.002
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of intravitreal (IVT) corticosteroids for treatment of posterior segment diseases has increased significantly over the last decade. A commonly recognized complication of IVT steroids is secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) that can occur immediately secondary to direct intraocular volume increase or weeks to mo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.003
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery that occurs in thousands of patients each year. To decrease the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis, many surgeons inject intracameral antibiotics (cefuroxime, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin) routinely at the end of surgery. A large number of recently ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.04.006
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus is the most common infectious conjunctivitis. Adenoviruses are highly contagious pathogens. The modes of transmission are mainly through hand to eye contact, ocular secretions, respiratory droplets, and contact with ophthalmic care providers and their medical instruments. The ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With an occurrence of approximately 1 in 3000 births, von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF) is one of the most common inherited human disorders. NF is considered a neurocristopathy, a disorder of neural crest derived cells. One of the complications of NF is the development of neural crest derived malignancies such...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(89)90014-3
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a highly innovative technique which allows for the generation of large amounts of DNA starting from minute quantities obtained from the blood or tissue of a patient. With the increasing knowledge concerning the structure of the human genome and the potential to amplify specific s...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(96)00004-5
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The painting Rubens Peale with a Geranium (1801), by Rembrandt Peale, has earned a reputation as a masterpiece of early American portraiture. In recent years the painting has also been the source of controversy, because Rubens was depicted with two pairs of eyeglasses at a time when most people would not have been por...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00008-8
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The only Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, led a long and eventful life. He was a Mississippi planter, a husband, a father, West Point graduate, war hero, congressman, senator, secretary of war, and finally President of the Confederate States of America. In many ways he was a study of contrast with his northern ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.08.007
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Through the efforts of Dr. Townley Paton, eye banks were founded in New York in the early 1940s. Since that time there has been steady growth in both the supply of and demand for donor material. A number of factors have contributed to the success of eye banks in the U.S.A., including improvements in eye banking techni...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(82)90151-5
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cornea's intense innervation is responsible for corneal trophism and ocular surface hemostasis maintenance. Corneal diabetic neuropathy affects subbasal nerve plexus, with progressive alteration of nerves' morphology and density. The quantitative analysis of nerve fibers can be performed with in vivo corneal confo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.09.003
更新日期：2020-09-19 00:00:00
