Abstract:
:This article discusses direct-acting antiviral agents that target hepatitis C virus replication, their mechanism of action, strengths, and weaknesses. In addition, varying strategies using combinations of these agents are discussed.
journal_name
Clin Liver Disjournal_title
Clinics in liver diseaseauthors
Chacko KR,Gaglio PJdoi
10.1016/j.cld.2015.06.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-11-01 00:00:00pages
605-17, vissue
4eissn
1089-3261issn
1557-8224pii
S1089-3261(15)00057-4journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are examples of complex diseases accompanied by changes in the expression of thousands of genes and a plethora of proteins encoded by these genes. Before the era of high-throughput analysis, typical translational research initiatives, a...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2007.02.003
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Newer noninvasive tests have begun to replace liver biopsy for staging purposes. The clinician must evaluate these tools and apply them to individual patients. None of these modalities give the exact same staging of fibrosis as a liver biopsy, but they are excellent tools for risk stratification. Still, it should be r...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2014.09.007
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although several mouse models of AIH have been described, no model is ideal. Indeed, the disease is self-limited in each model, and none is associated with significant liver fibrosis or progression to cirrhosis. Nevertheless, these models should be useful for testing different hypotheses regarding the initiation of AI...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(02)00026-0
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::AMA are detected in the serum of 92% to 95% of patients with PBC using indirect immunofluorescent methods. AIC is the term used to describe the 5% to 8% of AMA-negative PBC patients who uniformly have ANA and SMA. Recent applications of more sensitive and specific tests to detect serum AMA have shown that most, if not...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S1089-3261(03)00132-6
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have many treatment options. For patients with surgical indication, consideration of future liver remnant and the surgical complexity of the procedure is essential. A new 3-level complexity classification categorizing 11 liver resection procedures predicts surgical complexi...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.07.004
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The greatest challenge facing liver transplantation today is the shortage of donor livers. Demand far exceeds supply, and this deficit has driven expansion of what is considered an acceptable organ. The evolving standard has not come without costs, however, as each new frontier of expanded donor quality (i.e., advanci...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2014.05.005
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of newly acquired hepatitis C infection has diminished in the United States. This decline is largely because of a decrease in cases among IDUs for reasons that are unclear and, to a lesser extent, to testing of blood donors for HCV. The virus is transmitted by blood, and such transmission now occurs prim...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 共识发展会议,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(02)00078-8
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) molecular virology is helping to shape the future of our anti-HCV strategies by identifying new antiviral targets. With the advent of agents that specifically target individual HCV proteins, HCV-specific therapy has arrived. Key to these efforts is the development of high-efficienc...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2005.05.013
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a continuum of transient and reversible neurologic and psychiatric dysfunction. It is a reversible state of impaired cognitive function or altered consciousness in patients with liver disease or portosystemic shunting. Over the last several years, high-quality studies have been c...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.03.009
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The dual blood supply of the liver, originating from the portal vein and the hepatic artery, makes it relatively resistant to minor circulatory disturbances. However, hepatic manifestations of common cardiovascular disorders are frequently encountered in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. Beginning with the ma...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2010.09.010
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare but highly fatal condition. The most common causes include drug-induced and viral hepatitis, but other less common etiologies, especially autoimmune hepatitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and Wilson disease, need to be considered. Because diagnosis is frequently tied to potential for reve...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2018.01.008
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A human betaretrovirus has been characterized in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and the related mouse mammary tumor virus linked with autoimmune biliary disease in the NOD.c3c4 mouse model. Translational studies have been performed in patients who have PBC to investigate the role of viral infection in d...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2008.02.006
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histologic cholestasis and clinical jaundice may be seen in all stages of alcoholic liver disease. In rare cases, isolated cholestasis without significant steatosis, hepatitis, or cirrhosis is identified in an alcoholic patient. The mechanisms of ethanol-induced cholestasis are not well studied but may involve compres...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70086-6
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pathogenesis of HCC is poorly understood at present. There is insufficient understanding to propose a robust general model of hepatic carcinogenesis, partly because pathogenic host and environmental factors show significant regional variation, making such generalization difficult. Figure 4 is a model based on data...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70154-9
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current prophylactic measures have greatly reduced recurrence rates of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. HBIG remains a critically important compound and although there is variability in dosing regimens and target anti-HBs levels, it is the backbone of recurrence prevention. Adjuvant therapies with nucleoside/n...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2004.02.011
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic granulomas are a common finding in systemic sarcoidosis, but most patients remain asymptomatic. Elevated alkaline phosphatase is the most common sign of hepatic sarcoidosis (HS). Lacking a specific diagnostic test, the diagnosis of HS is one of exclusion. Therapy may be indicated in a minority of patients to c...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2018.12.012
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacologic management of hepatic encephalopathy includes a broad range of therapies. This article covers the specific mainstays of therapies, such as antimicrobials and laxatives, with an established evidence base. This article also covers newer modalities of therapies, such as fecal microbiota transplant, probioti...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.01.005
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by the presence of high-titer disease specific autoantibodies directed against mitochondrial antigens (AMA) of the inner mitochondrial membrane, that are members of the 2-oxo acid complex. Among numerous other autoantibodies found in PBC the focus of ongoing studies is ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(03)00104-1
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pruritus is a common symptom with primary biliary cholangitis. Research has focused on refining understanding of the neurohumoral pathways involved in transduction of pruritus from peripheral cutaneous receptors to the central nervous system, and identifying modulating drugs. Current treatments have variable efficacy ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2018.03.005
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The risk for potential transmission of infectious agents during gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is concerning for patients and physicians. However, the instance of infection transmission remains rare after GI endoscopy procedures, with an estimated frequency of 1 in 1.8 million procedures. Endoscopy-related infection ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.012
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a global health problem and as a common cause of chronic liver disease. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) carries an increased risk for development of advanced liver disease. Lifestyle modifications with diet and exercise have been the initial management reco...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2017.06.010
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Renal dysfunction is a frequent complication in patients with endstage liver disease awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Although the stereotypical form of renal dysfunction is the hepatorenal syndrome, common causes of acute kidney injury include prerenal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis in this population....
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2011.08.001
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is predominantly clinical, and the tests available assist in the diagnosis only by excluding other causes. Covert hepatic encephalopathy, which is defined as abnormal performance on psychometric tests when standard neurologic examination is completely normal, has gained widespre...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.04.001
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing at an astonishing rate in the US population. Although only a small proportion of these patients develop steatohepatitis (NASH), those who do have a greater likelihood of developing end-stage liver disease and complications. Research on liver fibrosis and ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.05.002
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The causes of hepatic granulomas are numerous and their identification can be difficult. Sarcoidosis is a main cause of hepatic granulomas. The mechanisms that initiate the formation of sarcoid granulomas are unknown. This article discusses the pathology of hepatic sarcoidosis and hepatic granulomas. ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70108-2
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading worldwide cause of drug overdose and acute liver failure (ALF). Single overdose ingestion and therapeutic misadventure may cause hepatotoxicity. Several factors, such as concomitant alcohol use or abuse, concurrent medications, genetic factors, and nutritional status, can influence ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.005
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disease with hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations, including neuropsychiatric conditions. Depression is a frequent disorder, which has been reported in one-third of patients with HCV infection and has an estimated prevalence of 1.5 to 4.0 times higher than that observ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2017.03.007
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The global risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been largely driven by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for the past century, along with hepatitis C virus (HCV), aflatoxin, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity/diabetes. The dominant effect of HBV on global HCC risk should decline as the population vaccina...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2011.03.006
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Artificial liver-support devices attempt to bridge patients with fulminant hepatic failure until either a suitable liver allograft is obtained for transplantation or the patient's own liver regenerates sufficiently to resume normal function. It is thought that toxins contribute to the clinical picture of fulminant hep...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70172-0
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past decade has brought tremendous growth in the under-standing of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in cholestasis, both at the genetic and acquired levels. The discovery and characterization of an array of hepatobiliary transport proteins, the nuclear receptors that regulate them, and the potential clinic...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S1089-3261(03)00125-9
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00