Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Cosmetic treatment of the forehead using neuromodulators is challenging. To avoid adverse events, the underlying anatomy has to be understood and thoughtfully targeted. Clinical observations indicate that eyebrow ptosis can be avoided if neuromodulators are injected in the upper forehead, despite the frontalis muscle being the primary elevator. METHODS:Twenty-seven healthy volunteers (11 men and 16 women) with a mean age of 37.5 ± 13.7 years (range, 22 to 73 years) and of diverse ethnicity (14 Caucasians, four African Americans, three Asians, and six of Middle Eastern descent) were enrolled. Skin displacement vector analyses were conducted on maximal frontalis muscle contraction to calculate magnitude and direction of forehead skin movement. RESULTS:In 100 percent of investigated volunteers, a bidirectional movement of the forehead skin was observed: the skin of the lower forehead moved cranially, whereas the skin of the upper forehead moved caudally. Both movements converged at a horizontal forehead line termed the line of convergence, or C-line. The position of the C-line relative to the total height of the forehead was 60.9 ± 10.2 percent in men and 60.6 ± 9.6 percent in women (p = 0.941). Independent of sex, the C-line was located at the second horizontal forehead line when counting from superior to inferior (men, n = 2; women, n = 2). No difference across ethnicities was detected. CONCLUSIONS:The identification of the C-line may potentially guide practitioners toward more predictable outcomes for forehead neuromodulator injections. Injections above the C-line could mitigate the risk of neuromodulator-induced brow ptosis.
journal_name
Plast Reconstr Surgjournal_title
Plastic and reconstructive surgeryauthors
Cotofana S,Freytag DL,Frank K,Sattler S,Landau M,Pavicic T,Fabi S,Lachman N,Hernandez CA,Green JBdoi
10.1097/PRS.0000000000006756subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-05-01 00:00:00pages
1155-1162issue
5eissn
0032-1052issn
1529-4242pii
00006534-202005000-00009journal_volume
145pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Genioplasty has been a useful and frequently employed technique. In previous publications, the authors discussed the benefits and versatility of the genioplasty. Here, they briefly examine the entire experience of the senior author, from 1975 to the present. METHODS:The authors examined a series of 580 geni...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000209461.99737.ed
更新日期:2006-04-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of burnout is increasing among all physicians, including plastic surgeons. Burnout is not simply synonymous with being overworked. It is a complex physical, intellectual, and psychological entity that arises when the expectation and reality of the job do not match. In this article, the authors...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005875
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000246713.59153.bb
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000046034.02158.EB
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although reduction mammaplasty is a well-described technique for aesthetic purposes, there are few previous reports regarding its application and clinical outcome following conservative breast surgery reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the technique and its outcome fo...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000202121.84583.0d
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doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181dbc2f0
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000293867.05857.90
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1981-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318193485e
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-198308000-00027
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199812000-00035
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
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doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b989be
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199308000-00004
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199408000-00021
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199508000-00016
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the University of Virginia Hospital we have developed a new technique of urethroplasty utilizing a full-thickness flap of bladder wall. Tubing and transfer of the flap may be completed in two stages. The bladder flap is approximately 28 X 4 cm in size. Strictures have not occurred with this technique, but special c...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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doi:10.1097/00006534-198408000-00015
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更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
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更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000004694
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817d6139
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00