Regulation of GABA Neurotransmission by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD).

Abstract:

:Control of GABA neurotransmission at the pre-synaptic site occurs substantially through the activation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. Concentrations of GAD65 and GAD67 are controlled either by transcription or by mRNA splicing and importantly the activities of these key enzymes are regulated by post-translational mechanisms. Important post-translational modifications include proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation and palmitoylation. A truncated form of GAD65 (tGAD65) is more active than full length GAD65 (fGAD65) whereas, by contrast, truncated GAD67 (tGAD67) is less active than full length GAD67 (fGAD67). The protein responsible for cleaving of fGAD65 and fGAD67 is mu-calpain. GABA neurotransmission is dependent upon whether GAD is associated with synaptic vesicles (SV) and calpain performs a vital role by generating the highly active tGAD65 resulting in augmented GABA synthesis and wrapping uptake into SV. Studies on GAD phosphorylation demonstrate that GAD65 is regulated through phosphorylation by PKC while GAD67 is inhibited through phosphorylation by PKA. Cysteine residues 455 and 446 in GAD67 and GAD65 individually are critical for full GAD regulation. Interaction with the cofactor pyridoxal 50-phosphate (PLP) at this these respective locations regulate the switch between PLP-bound active holoGAD and an unbound active apoGAD form. Transient switching to the PLP bound active holoGAD is integral to GABA neurotransmission. Specific to GAD65 but not GAD67 is palmitoylation by HIP14 which facilitates GAD65 anchoring to SV and enhances the contribution of vesicular GABA to neurotransmission. From studies on a rodent stroke model calpain-mediated cleavage of GAD enzyme has been shown to occur under pathological conditions resulting in less SV refilling and depletion of existing pools of SV releasable GABA.

journal_name

Curr Pharm Des

authors

Modi JP,Prentice H,Wu JY

doi

10.2174/1381612821666150917094343

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-01-01 00:00:00

pages

4939-42

issue

34

eissn

1381-6128

issn

1873-4286

pii

CPD-EPUB-70474

journal_volume

21

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Epidemiology of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in North America.

    abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. This is primarily driven by the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes as well as the aging of the general population. Most of the epidemiology data of NAFLD for North America are published from stud...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612826666200303114934

    authors: Arshad T,Golabi P,Henry L,Younossi ZM

    更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00

  • Polyphenols, Antioxidants and the Sympathetic Nervous System.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:A high dietary intake of polyphenols has been associated with a reduced cardiovascular mortality, due to their antioxidant properties. However, growing evidence suggests that counteracting oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease might also reduce sympathetic nervous system overactivity. METHODS:This arti...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612823666171114170642

    authors: Bruno RM,Ghiadoni L

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Novel aβ isoforms in Alzheimer's disease - their role in diagnosis and treatment.

    abstract::The last decades have witnessed an explosion in studies of the role of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the progress of the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it is now widely accepted that Aβ is related to the pathogenesis of AD. For example, studies have shown that Aβ is neurotoxic and that the neurotoxicity o...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161211797416039

    authors: Portelius E,Mattsson N,Andreasson U,Blennow K,Zetterberg H

    更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00

  • GP IIb/IIIa blockade in elective percutaneous coronary intervention.

    abstract::Cumulative scientific evidence gathered over the past ten years has confirmed the role of platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in reducing ischemic complications of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Recently, mortality data available on more than 20,000 patients enrolled in randomized clinical t...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612043453306

    authors: Dery JP,Harrington RA,Tcheng JE

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep on Critical Illness and the Impact on Cardiovascular Events.

    abstract::The cardiovascular system exhibits significant daily rhythms in physiologic processes (heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac contractility and function), and molecular gene and protein expression. An increasing number of clinical and experimental studies demonstrate the circadian system is an important underlying mechan...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612821666150706105926

    authors: Reitz CJ,Martino TA

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Deubiquitinating enzymes as therapeutic targets in cancer.

    abstract::Abnormal regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. A number of studies have focused on the identification of small modifiers for the UPS. Even though the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade®) has been approved for the ther...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612811319220013

    authors: Lim KH,Baek KH

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Recent Advances in Solid Dispersion Technology for Efficient Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs.

    abstract::Drug discovery is generally considered as a costly affair and it takes approximately 15 years to reach a new chemical entity into the market. Among the recent potent drug molecules with most effective pharmacological properties, very few reached for Phase I clinical trial in humans. Unfortunately, the historical avera...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612825666190618121553

    authors: Paudwal G,Rawat N,Gupta R,Baldi A,Singh G,Gupta PN

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Venlafaxine Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Serum by Ion-Selective Electrodes.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The application of an ion selective technique for the determination of analyte concentrations is considered one of the most economical techniques for quality control purposes. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate and investigate the construction and general performance characteristics of potentiometric PVC membrane senso...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666180727112730

    authors: Mansour MF,El-Moety MMA,El Kady EF,El Guindi NM,Schepdael AV,Aly SME

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • MiRNA-145 and Its Direct Downstream Targets in Digestive System Cancers: A Promising Therapeutic Target.

    abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the onset and development of many diseases, including cancers. Emerging evidence shows that numerous miRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers for cancers, and miRNA-based therapy may be a promising therapy for the treatment of malignant neoplasm. MicroRNA-14...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/1381612826666201029095702

    authors: Ma Y,Cao X,Shi G,Shi T

    更新日期:2020-10-28 00:00:00

  • Tissue engineering techniques in cardiac repair and disease modelling.

    abstract::Cell therapy has been proposed to treat patients with end-stage heart failure. However, it has been suggested that the significant mechanical forces in an often ischaemic, inflamed, biochemically hostile environment may cause poor cell survival and retention. It is hypothesised that tissue engineering techniques could...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/13816128113199990442

    authors: Rao C,Barratt H,Prodromakis T,Terracciano CM

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Polysaccharide Colloids as Smart Vehicles in Cancer Therapy.

    abstract::Cancer disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases and around 8 million cancer-related deaths yearly. Estimates expect to increase these figures over the next few years. Therefore, it is very important to develop more effective and targeted therapi...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612821666150820100812

    authors: Caro C,Pozo D

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Systematic Development and Optimization of an in-situ Gelling System for Moxifloxacin Ocular Nanosuspension using High-pressure Homogenization with an Improved Encapsulation Efficiency.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The objective of this study was to apply Quality by Design (QbD) principles on process parameter optimization for the development of hybrid delivery system (combination of (SLNs) and In-situ gelling system) for hydrophilic drug Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (MOX) to achieve its controlled delivery, which otherw...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666180403115106

    authors: Khurana LK,Singh R,Singh H,Sharma M

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Aspirin Use on Incidence and Mortality of Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current State of Epidemiological Evidence.

    abstract::Aspirin has been one of the most widely used medications since its first synthesis more than 100 years ago. In addition to short-term use for pain and fever relief, regular use of aspirin has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and strokes. The issue of regular aspirin use in cancer prevention is ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612821666150915110450

    authors: Huang WK,Tu HT,See LC

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation: State of Art and Future Perspectives.

    abstract::ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) liver transplantation (LT) has been limited due to the increased rate of complications, including severe cellular and antibody-mediated rejection, hepatic necrosis, hepatic artery thrombosis, and biliary complications. However, several strategies for reducing preformed anti-donor ABO antibodie...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612826666200506094539

    authors: Cheng CH,Lee CF,Wang YC,Wu TH,Wu TJ,Chou HS,Chan KM,Lee WC

    更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00

  • Recent Advances in Nanosuspension Technology for Drug Delivery.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Discovery and development of BCS class 1 drugs through high throughput screening is one of the biggest challenge faced by formulation scientist. METHODS:There are a number of approaches that have been exploited to enhance the solubility and permeability of drugs. Among them, development of nanosuspension ha...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666180522100251

    authors: Arora D,Khurana B,Rath G,Nanda S,Goyal AK

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Polyphenols: Inflammation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Polyphenols widely distributed in plants, fruits and vegetables have received considerable attention on account of their physiological functions, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Some antioxidant components of cacao liquor prepared from fermented and roasted cacao beans, which is...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612823666171109104141

    authors: Natsume M

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Melatonin, autophagy and intestinal bowel disease.

    abstract::The intestinal epithelium forms a barrier against the intestinal contents and the wider environment, allowing entry of selected molecules for nutrition and programming of the mucosal immune system, but excluding toxins and most microorganisms. Many receptors and signalling pathways are coupled and implicated in the ep...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612819666131119110835

    authors: Talero E,Garcia-Maurino S,Motilva V

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Hypersensitivity reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents.

    abstract::Neuromuscular blocking agents are the leading drugs responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions during anaesthesia. Most hypersensitivity reactions represent IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Their incidence is estimated to be between 1 in 3,000 to 1 in 110,000 general anaesthetics. However striking variations...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161208786369704

    authors: Mertes PM,Aimone-Gastin I,Guéant-Rodriguez RM,Mouton-Faivre C,Audibert G,O'Brien J,Frendt D,Brezeanu M,Bouaziz H,Guéant JL

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Structural basis and therapeutic implication of the interaction of CCN proteins with glycoconjugates.

    abstract::The CCN family of growth factors is composed of six structurally related proteins including the cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV), Wnt-1 induced secreted protein-1 (WISP-1), WISP-2 and WISP-3. Each family member consists of four conserved cysteine rich...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612043382567

    authors: Desnoyers L

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Historical Spice as a Future Drug: Therapeutic Potential of Piperlongumine.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Spice and spice-derived compounds have been identified and explored for their health benefits since centuries. One of the spice long pepper has been traditionally used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, malaria, viral hepatitis, respirato...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612822666160601103027

    authors: Prasad S,Tyagi AK

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Therapeutic potential of perineural invasion, hypoxia and desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer.

    abstract::Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal human malignancies. Though a relatively rare malignancy, it remains one of the deadliest tumors, with an extremely high mortality rate. The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer remains poor; only patients with small tumors and complete resection have a chance of a com...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/13816128112092395

    authors: Liu H,Ma Q,Xu Q,Lei J,Li X,Wang Z,Wu E

    更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00

  • An update on adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor interactions: implications for the function of G protein-coupled receptors.

    abstract::Adenosine A(2A)-dopamine D(2) receptor interactions play a very important role in striatal function. A(2A)-D(2) receptor interactions provide an example of the capabilities of information processing by just two different G protein-coupled receptors. Thus, there is evidence for the coexistence of two reciprocal antagon...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161208784480108

    authors: Ferré S,Quiroz C,Woods AS,Cunha R,Popoli P,Ciruela F,Lluis C,Franco R,Azdad K,Schiffmann SN

    更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00

  • Nicotine-Derived Compounds as Therapeutic Tools Against Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

    abstract::Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops after experiencing trauma. Actual therapies do not help majority of patients with PTSD. Moreover, extinguished fear memories usually reappear in the individuals when exposed to trauma cues. New drugs to reduce the impact of conditioned cues in ...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612821666150710145250

    authors: Barreto GE,Yarkov A,Avila-Rodriguez M,Aliev G,Echeverria V

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • GnRH in the treatment of Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

    abstract::Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is at the centre of the scientific debate for the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Sexual maturation and reproductive function depend on the pulsatile secretion of GnRH are mainly congenital and may or may not be associated with other genetic anomalies or syndromes. Cli...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.2174/1381612826666201125113319

    authors: Bettocchi C,Rinaldi M,Sebastiani F

    更新日期:2020-11-24 00:00:00

  • Effect of ABCB1 Genotypes on the Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Outcomes of New Oral Anticoagulants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:New Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) are effective and widely used to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases, but the response to NOACs differs according to ABCB1 genotypes. OBJECTIVE:We investigated the effects of ABCB1 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes of NOACs. METHODS:We searched Pu...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612824666181018153641

    authors: Xie Q,Xiang Q,Mu G,Ma L,Chen S,Zhou S,Hu K,Zhang Z,Cui Y,Jiang J

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Writers and Erasers of Histone Lysine methylation with Clinically Applied Modulators: Promising Target for Cancer Therapy.

    abstract::Histone lysine methylation can be modified by various writers and erasers. Different from other epigenetic modifications, mono-, di, and tri- methylation distinctly modulate chromatin structure and thereby contribute to the regulation of DNA-based nuclear processes such as transcription, replication and repair on thei...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612822666160715125417

    authors: Zheng YC,Ma JL,Liu Y,Liu HM

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Molecular mechanics.

    abstract::Molecular Mechanics (MM) force fields are the methods of choice for protein simulations, which are essential in the study of conformational flexibility. Given the importance of protein flexibility in drug binding, MM is involved in most if not all Computational Structure-Based Drug Discovery (CSBDD) projects. This pap...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/13816128113199990600

    authors: Vanommeslaeghe K,Guvench O,MacKerell AD Jr

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Therapy against reperfusion-induced microvascular injury.

    abstract::No-reflow, i.e., the lack of distal myocardial perfusion to fully recover following recanalization of an acutely occluded coronary artery, is not only a mere consequence of ischemic injury, as substantial microvascular alterations may also develop subsequently, after initial restoration of perfusion. Since part of per...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/13816128113199990357

    authors: Tritto I,Zuchi C,Vitale S,Ambrosio G

    更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00

  • Identification of molecular targets associated with ethanol toxicity and implications in drug development.

    abstract::Alcohol dependence is a major disease burden of adults in modern society worldwide. There is no cure for alcohol dependence. In this study, we have examined the molecular targets of ethanol-induced toxicity in humans based on a systematic review of literature data and then discussed current and potential therapeutic t...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/138161210791034030

    authors: Wang LL,Yang AK,He SM,Liang J,Zhou ZW,Li Y,Zhou SF

    更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00

  • Role of free radicals in sepsis: antioxidant therapy.

    abstract::Severe sepsis leading to shock is the principal cause of death in intensive care units. It is a systemic inflammatory response caused by excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly induced by endotoxin (a major component of...

    journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.2174/1381612054864894

    authors: Victor VM,Rocha M,Esplugues JV,De la Fuente M

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00