Abstract：
:Preterm birth, defined as delivery at less than 37 weeks' gestation, increases maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality and places heavy financial and emotional burdens on families and society. Although premature cervical remodeling is a major factor in many preterm deliveries, how and why this occurs is poorly understood. This review describes existing and emerging imaging techniques and their advantages and disadvantages in assessing cervical remodeling. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound is used to measure the cervical length, currently the gold standard for determining risk of preterm birth. Several new B-mode ultrasound techniques are being developed, including measuring attenuation, cervical gland area, and the cervical consistency index. Shear wave speed can differentiate between soft (ripe) and firm (unripe) cervices by measuring the speed of ultrasound through a tissue. Elastography provides qualitative information regarding cervical stiffness by compressing the tissue with the ultrasound probe. Raman spectroscopy uses a fiber optic probe to assess the biochemical composition of the cervix throughout pregnancy. Second harmonic generation microscopy uses light to quantify changes in collagen fiber structure and size during cervical maturation. Finally, photoacoustic endoscopy records light-induced sound to determine optical characteristics of cervical tissue. In the long term, a combination of several imaging approaches, combined with consideration of clinical epidemiologic characteristics, will likely be required to accurately predict preterm birth.
journal_name
Semin Immunopatholjournal_title
Seminars in immunopathologyauthors
Pizzella S,El Helou N,Chubiz J,Wang LV,Tuuli MG,England SK,Stout MJdoi
10.1007/s00281-020-00800-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-08-01 00:00:00pages
385-396issue
4eissn
1863-2297issn
1863-2300pii
10.1007/s00281-020-00800-5journal_volume
42pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Human pregnancy is a metabolic and immune challenge for the mother who has to accommodate in her womb a semi-allogeneic fetus whose energy needs increase tremendously with gestation. Recent compelling research has suggested that proper inflammatory changes and oxidative balance are a requisite for successful pregnancy...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-007-0071-6
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) operate at the intersection of the innate and adaptive immune systems. DCs can promote or inhibit adaptive immune responses against neuroantigens. While DC intrinsic properties, i.e., their maturation state or the subset they belong to, are important determinants of the outcome of an autoimmune r...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0608-7
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In autoinflammatory disorders, dysregulation of the innate immune response leads to an excessive cytokine release. The disease course is often characterized by high morbidity and mortality, treatment is mostly difficult and therapeutic options are limited. In most cases, life-long control of ongoing inflammation is ne...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0501-9
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Close association between chronic inflammation and cancer has been recently highlighted. Indeed, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been strongly linked with an increased risk of development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammatory cell-produced inflammatory mediators, such as proinflammatory cytokines and inducible...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0343-7
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Basophils and mast cells have long been known to play critical roles in allergic disease and in immunity against parasitic infection. Accumulated evidence also supports that basophils and mast cells have important roles in immune regulations, host defense against bacteria and viruses, and autoimmune diseases. However,...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0562-4
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Helicobacter pylori infection is an important factor for gastric carcinogenesis in human. In carcinogen-treated Mongolian gerbils, H. pylori infection enhances stomach carcinogenesis, while infection alone induced severe hyperplasia called heterotopic proliferative glands. A high-salt diet or early acquisition of the ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0357-1
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This issue of Seminars in Immunopathology is devoted to the most recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to tissue injury in autoimmune diseases. These include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes, autoimmune liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimm...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0446-4
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity represents a serious health problem as it is rapidly increasing worldwide. Obesity is associated with reduced healthspan and lifespan, decreased responses to infections and vaccination, and increased frequency of inflammatory conditions typical of old age. Obesity is characterized by increased fat mass and rem...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-020-00812-1
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytokines and growth factors are key regulators of immune activation, vascular alteration and excessive production of extracellular matrix which are hallmark events in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). They modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In particular, cytokines play a central role in the...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0511-7
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gut. Although the precise cause of IBD remains unknown, the most accepted hypothesis of IBD pathogenesis to date is that an aberrant immune response against the gut microbiota is triggered by environmental factors in a genetically...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0454-4
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In asthma and allergy genetics, a trend towards a few main topics developed over the last 2 years. First, a number of studies have been published recently which focus on overlapping and/or very specific phenotypes: within the allergy spectrum but also reaching beyond, looking for common genetic traits shared between d...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00777-w
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Food allergy is an increasingly prevalent disease of immune dysregulation directed to a small subset of proteins. Shared structural and functional features of allergens, such as glycosylation, lipid-binding and protease activity may provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the induction of primary Th2 immune re...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0334-8
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an immune-mediated chronic cholestatic liver disease with a slowly progressive course. Without treatment, most patients eventually develop fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver and may need liver transplantation in the late stage of disease. PBC primarily affects women (female preponde...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-009-0164-5
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nociception is the process of transmission of painful signals by nociceptors in the primary afferent nerve fibers, which specifically respond to noxious stimuli. These noxious stimuli are detected by nociceptors and converted into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the spinal cord, thalamus, and the cer...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0526-0
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autophagy, a catabolic process involved in the sequestration and lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic contents, is crucial for cellular homeostasis. The current literature supports that autophagy plays diverse roles in the development, maintenance, and progression of tumors. While genetic evidence indicates autophagy ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-010-0213-0
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Omega-3 fatty acids serve as the substrate for the formation of a group of lipid mediators that mediate the resolution of inflammation. The cardiovascular inflammatory response in atherosclerosis and vascular injury is characterized by a failure in the resolution of inflammation, resulting in a chronic inflammatory re...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00767-y
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microsporidia is a group of pathogens, which can pose severe risks to the immunocompromised population such as HIV-infected individuals. The expertise to diagnose these pathogens is limited and therefore their prevalence is believed to be much higher than what is currently known. In a mouse model of infections, it has...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0482-8
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunity is not static but varies with age. The immune system of a newborn infant is not "defective" or "immature." Rather, there are distinct features of innate and adaptive immunity from fetal life to adulthood, which may alter the susceptibility of newborn infants to infections compared to adults. Increased protect...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-017-0641-1
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The profound alterations in the structure, cellular composition, and function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the basis for the persistent inflammation and cumulative joint destruction that are hallmarks of this disease. In RA, the synovium develops characteristics of a tertiary lymphoid organ, wit...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-017-0631-3
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and represents one of the main inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) forms. The infiltration of immune cells into the mucosa and uncontrolled production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators trigger the chronic inflammat...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00756-1
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-9 is a cytokine classically related to type 2 immune responses whose cellular identity has been recently reevaluated to identify a new specialized T helper subset called Th9 and an innate source referred as innate lymphoid cell type 2. Over the past years, IL-9 has been associated with allergic responses, ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0606-9
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The contact system is a plasma protease cascade that is initiated by coagulation factor XII activation on cardiovascular cells. The system starts procoagulant and proinflammatory reactions, via the intrinsic pathway of coagulation or the kallikrein-kinin system, respectively. The biochemistry of the contact system in ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-011-0288-2
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Itch is a unique sensation associated with the scratch reflex. Although the scratch reflex plays a protective role in daily life by removing irritants, chronic itch remains a clinical challenge. Despite urgent clinical need, itch has received relatively little research attention and its mechanisms have remained poorly...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0530-4
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Asthma is a common, complex, multifaceted disease. It comprises multiple phenotypes, which might benefit from treatment with different types of innovative targeted therapies. Refining these phenotypes and understanding their underlying biological structure would help to apply precision medicine approaches. Using diffe...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00776-x
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of food allergy in developed countries is rising at a rate that cannot be attributed to genetic variation alone. In this review, we discuss the environmental factors that may contribute to the increasing prevalence of potentially fatal anaphylactic responses to food. Decreased exposure to enteric infecti...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0337-5
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Originally identified as a response to starvation in yeast, autophagy is now understood to fulfill a variety of roles in higher eukaryotes, from the maintenance of cellular homeostasis to the cellular response to stress, starvation, and infection. Although genetics and biochemical studies in yeast have identified many...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-010-0223-y
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:O-fucosylglycans on Notch extracellular domain epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats are critical in modulating Notch signaling by altering the sensitivity of Notch receptors to activation by Notch ligands. Mice lacking Notch O-fucosylglycans display granulo-monocytic myeloproliferation, hematopoietic stem cell dysfun...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0303-2
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite considerable advances in the research and treatment, the precise relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular (CV) disease remains incompletely understood. Therefore, understanding the immunoinflammatory processes underlying the initiation, progression, and exacerbation of many cardiovascular diseases ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0536-y
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent rise in obesity-related diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its strong association with microbiota, has elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. Experimental models have highlighted several mechanisms connecting microbiota to the development of liver dysfunctio...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-013-0404-6
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracellular pathogens need to develop sophisticated mechanisms to survive and thrive in the hostile environment within host cells. Unicellular, eukaryotic parasites from the Apicomplexa phylum have become masters of manipulating their host cells, exploiting signaling, and metabolic pathways to hijack host gene expre...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-020-00779-z
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
