Abstract:
:Sterile inflammatory processes are essential for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis, but they also contribute to various neurological disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, and demyelinating or neurodegenerative diseases. Immune mechanisms in the central nervous system and periphery are regulated by a diverse group of endogenous proteins, which can be broadly divided into the pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and anti-inflammatory resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs), even though there is notable overlap between the DAMP- and RAMP-like activities for some of these molecules. Both groups of molecular patterns were initially described in peripheral immune processes and pathologies; however, it is now evident that at least some, if not all, of these immunomodulators also regulate neuroimmune processes and contribute to neuroinflammation in diverse central nervous system disorders. The review of recent literature demonstrates that studies on DAMPs and RAMPs of the central nervous system still lag behind the much broader research effort focused on their peripheral counterparts. Nevertheless, this review also reveals that over the last five years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the neuroimmune functions of several well-established DAMPs, including high-mobility group box 1 protein and interleukin 33. Novel neuroimmune functions have been demonstrated for other DAMPs that previously were considered almost exclusively as peripheral immune regulators; they include mitochondrial transcription factor A and cytochrome C. RAMPs of the central nervous system are an emerging area of neuroimmunology with very high translational potential since some of these molecules have already been used in preclinical and clinical studies as candidate therapeutic agents for inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic potential of DAMP antagonists and neutralizing antibodies in central nervous system neuroinflammatory diseases is also supported by several of the identified studies. It can be concluded that further studies of DAMPs and RAMPs of the central nervous system will continue to be an important and productive field of neuroimmunology.
journal_name
Neural Regen Resjournal_title
Neural regeneration researchauthors
Klegeris Adoi
10.4103/1673-5374.293134subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-03-01 00:00:00pages
423-429issue
3eissn
1673-5374issn
1876-7958pii
NeuralRegenRes_2021_16_3_423_293134journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The intrinsic growth ability of all the neurons declines during development although some may grow better than others. Numerous intracellular signaling proteins and transcription factors have been shown to regulate the intrinsic growth capacity in mature neurons. Among them, PI3 kinase/Akt pathway is important for con...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.165496
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review summarizes and describes the use of curcumin in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. For diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β and highly phosphorylated tau protein are the major biomarkers. Curcumin was developed as an early diagnostic probe based on its natural fluorescence ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.230303
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum exhibit antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that these polysaccharides resist oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage following cavernous nerve injury. In this study, rat models were intragastrically administered Lycium barbarum polysaccharides for 2 weeks at 1, 7, a...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.189197
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was established in mice. Mice were treated with ketamine via intraperitoneal injection immediately following ischemia or ischemia/reperfusion. Ketamine did not remarkably change infarct volume in mice immediately following ischemia, but injection immediately following ische...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.11.006
更新日期:2012-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Proximal or middle lesions of the ulnar or median nerves are responsible for extensive loss of hand motor function. This occurs even when the most meticulous microsurgical techniques or nerve grafts are used. Previous studies had proposed that nerve transfer was more effective than nerve grafting for nerve repair. Our...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.199007
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stem cell transplantation has brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases. The key to stem cell therapy lies in inducing the specific differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells. Because the differentiation of stem cells in vitro and in vivo is affected by multiple factors, the final differentiation...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.251191
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the factors associated with sensory and motor recovery after the repair of upper limb peripheral nerve injuries. DATA SOURCES:The online PubMed database was searched for English articles describing outcomes after the repair of median, ulnar, radial, and digital nerve injuries in humans with a ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.130094
更新日期:2014-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::Gynostemma (G.) pentaphyllum (Cucurbitaceae) contains various bioactive gypenosides. Ethanol extract from G. pentaphyllum (GP-EX) has been shown to have ameliorative effects on the death of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- and 6-...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.265557
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Axonal degeneration is a pivotal feature of many neurodegenerative conditions and substantially accounts for neurological morbidity. A widely used experimental model to study the mechanisms of axonal degeneration is Wallerian degeneration (WD), which occurs after acute axonal injury. In the peripheral nervous system (...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.205000
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The baker's yeast Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae is a single-celled eukaryotic model organism widely used in research on life sciences. Being a unicellular organism, S. cerevisiae has some evident limitations in application to neuroscience. However, yeast prions are extensively studied and they are known to share some ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.293137
更新日期:2021-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::An accurate and effective neurological evaluation is indispensable in the treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury. However, most of the existing evaluation methods in basic research and clinical practice are not objective or intuitive for assessing the neurological function of big animals, and are also ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.250578
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study illustrates that graphene oxide nanosheets can endow materials with continuous electrical conductivity for up to 4 weeks. Conductive nerve scaffolds can bridge a sciatic nerve injury and guide the growth of neurons; however, whether the scaffolds can be used for the repair of spinal cord nerve injuries remai...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.306095
更新日期:2021-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have shown that induced expression of endogenous antioxidative enzymes thr-ough activation of the antioxidant response element/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway may be a neuroprotective strategy. In this study, rat cerebral cortical neurons cultured in vitro were pretreated with...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.153700
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although amyloid-β peptide is considered neurotoxic, it may mediate several physiological processes during embryonic development and in the adult brain. The pathological function of amyloid-β peptide has been extensively studied due to its implication in Alzheimer's disease, but its physiological function remains poor...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.262571
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acupuncture can induce changes in the brain. However, the majority of studies to date have focused on a single acupoint at a time. In the present study, we observed activity changes in the brains of healthy volunteers before and after acupuncture at Taichong (LR3) and Taixi (KI3) using resting-state functional magneti...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.152385
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The locus coeruleus is a pontine nucleus that produces much of the brain's norepinephrine. Despite its small size, the locus coeruleus is critical for a myriad of functions and is involved in many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the physiology and anatomy of the locus coeru...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.270297
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Therapeutic strategies for neurological deficits and for promoting nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries have received much focus in clinical research. Advances in basic research in recent years have increased our understanding of the anatomy of peripheral nerves and the importance of the microenvironment...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.158368
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin (CEGI) injection is known as a multi-target neuroprotective drug that contains numerous liposoluble molecules, such as polypeptides, monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside (GM-1), free amino acids, hypoxanthine and carnosine. CEGI has been approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.290899
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on the invasion capacity of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y in vitro. Three siRNAs targeting CXCR4 were chemically synthesized and individually transfected into SH-SY5Y cells. Expression of CXC...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.133172
更新日期:2014-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::We hypothesized that the P2X7 receptor may be the target of isoflurane, so we investigated the roles of the P2X7 receptor and inositol triphosphate receptor in calcium overload and neuronal apoptosis induced by isoflurane in cultured embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Results showed that isoflurane induced widespread ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.007
更新日期:2013-03-25 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of the amyloid β in the form of amyloid plaques and the intracellular deposition of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Most of the Alzheimer's drugs targeting amyloid β have been failed in clinical trials...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.274329
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are a heterogeneous group of debilitating disorders with multifactorial etiologies and pathogeneses that manifest distinct molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestations with abnormal ...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.303007
更新日期:2021-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Knowledge of the plasticity of language pathways in patients with low-grade glioma is important for neurosurgeons to achieve maximum resection while preserving neurological function. The current study sought to investigate changes in the ventral language pathways in patients with low-grade glioma located in regions li...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.07.009
更新日期:2013-03-05 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence suggests that food ingested polyphenols can have beneficial effects in neuronal protection acting against oxidative stress and inflammatory injury. Moreover, polyphenols have been reported to promote cognitive functions. Biotransformation of polyphenols is needed to obtain metabolites active in bra...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.241429
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Channelrhodopsin-2 ectopically expressed in the retina can recover the response to blue light in genetically blind mice and rats, but is unable to restore visual function due to optic nerve or optic tract lesions. Long Evans rats at postnatal day 1 were used for primary culture of visual cortical cells, and 24 hours l...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.16.004
更新日期:2012-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelial progenitor cells secrete a variety of growth factors that inhibit inflammation, promote angiogenesis and exert neuroprotective effects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether endothelial progenitor cell-conditioned medium might have therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of spinal cord inju...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.232484
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report a patient with severe ataxia due to Dandy-Walker malformation, who showed functional recovery over 10 months corresponding to a change in a cerebellar peduncle lesion. A 20-month-old female patient who was diagnosed with Dandy-Walker syndrome and six age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolle...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type:
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.05.012
更新日期:2013-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Yizhijiannao granules have been shown to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients. The present study sought to explore the mechanisms involved in the cognitive enhancing effects of Yizhijiannao granule. Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice with learning and memory disorders were intragastrically...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.137575
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::LIM homeobox transcription factor 1a (Lmx1a) has the capacity to initiate the development program of neuronal cells and promote the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into dopaminergic neurons. In this study, rhesus adipose stem cells were infected with recombinant adenovirus carrying the Lmx1a gene and co-cultur...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.34.001
更新日期:2012-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::The study aims to confirm the neuroregenerative effects of bacterial melanin (BM) on central nervous system injury using a special staining method based on the detection of Ca(2+)-dependent acid phosphatase activity. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to undergo either unilateral destruction of sensorimotor corte...
journal_title:Neural regeneration research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4103/1673-5374.187055
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00