Elucidating the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.

Abstract:

:Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline compounds with over 60 years of safe clinical usage. CQ and HCQ are able to inhibit the production of cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-22. Also, CQ and HCQ inhibit the production of interferon- (IFN-) α and IFN-γ and/or tumor necrotizing factor- (TNF-) α. Furthermore, CQ blocks the production of prostaglandins (PGs) in the intact cell by inhibiting substrate accessibility of arachidonic acid necessary for the production of PGs. Moreover, CQ affects the stability between T-helper cell (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokine secretion by augmenting IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, CQ is capable of blocking lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) triggered stimulation of extracellular signal-modulated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in human PBMCs. HCQ at clinical levels effectively blocks CpG-triggered class-switched memory B-cells from differentiating into plasmablasts as well as producing IgG. Also, HCQ inhibits cytokine generation from all the B-cell subsets. IgM memory B-cells exhibits the utmost cytokine production. Nevertheless, CQ triggers the production of reactive oxygen species. A rare, but serious, side effect of CQ or HCQ in nondiabetic patients is hypoglycaemia. Thus, in critically ill patients, CQ and HCQ are most likely to deplete all the energy stores of the body leaving the patient very weak and sicker. We advocate that, during clinical usage of CQ and HCQ in critically ill patients, it is very essential to strengthen the CQ or HCQ with glucose infusion. CQ and HCQ are thus potential inhibitors of the COVID-19 cytokine storm.

journal_name

J Immunol Res

authors

Richard SA,Kampo S,Hechavarria ME,Sackey M,Buunaaim ADB,Kuugbee ED,Anabah TW

doi

10.1155/2020/4582612

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-09-25 00:00:00

pages

4582612

eissn

2314-8861

issn

2314-7156

journal_volume

2020

pub_type

杂志文章,评审
  • Rapid and Efficient Purification of Functional Collectin-12 and Its Opsonic Activity against Fungal Pathogens.

    abstract::Collectin-12 (collectin placenta 1, CL-P1, or CL-12) is a newly identified pattern recognition molecule of the innate immune system. Recent evidences show that CL-12 plays important roles not only in innate immune protection against certain clinically important pathogens but also in scavenging of host molecules, leuko...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/9164202

    authors: Zhang J,Li A,Yang CQ,Garred P,Ma YJ

    更新日期:2019-07-29 00:00:00

  • Lipopolysaccharide Increases Immune Activation and Alters T Cell Homeostasis in SHIVB'WHU Chronically Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaque.

    abstract::Immune activation plays a significant role in the disease progression of HIV. Microbial products, especially bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), contribute to immune activation. Increasing evidence indicates that T lymphocyte homeostasis disruptions are associated with immune activation. However, the mechanism by whic...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2015/202738

    authors: Zhang GH,Wu RD,Zheng HY,Zhang XL,Zhang MX,Tian RR,Liu GM,Pang W,Zheng YT

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Lessons from Microglia Aging for the Link between Inflammatory Bone Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease.

    abstract::Bone is sensitive to overactive immune responses, which initiate the onset of inflammatory bone disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis, resulting in a significant systemic inflammatory response. On the other hand, neuroinflammation is strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can be enh...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2015/471342

    authors: Wu Z,Nakanishi H

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Genetic Background of Hypertension in Connective Tissue Diseases.

    abstract::Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR gamma-2) and beta-3-adrenergic receptors (ADRB3) are involved in the risk of hypertension. But their exact role in blood pressure modulation in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD) is still not well defined. In this study, 104 patients with CTD and 103 gender...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2020/7509608

    authors: Grygiel-Górniak B,Ziółkowska-Suchanek I,Kaczmarek E,Puszczewicz M,Rozwadowska N

    更新日期:2020-02-03 00:00:00

  • IL-1β and IL-6 Are Highly Expressed in RF+IgE+ Systemic Lupus Erythematous Subtype.

    abstract::Background. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with great heterogeneity in pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. Rheumatoid factor (RF) is one key indicator for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) while immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with type I hypersensitivity. To better categorize SLE subtypes, w...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2017/5096741

    authors: Wu Y,Cai B,Zhang J,Shen B,Huang Z,Tan C,Baan CC,Wang L

    更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00

  • HLA associations and clinical implications in T-cell mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions: an updated review.

    abstract::T-cell mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions may range from mild rash to severe fatal reactions. Among them, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) or drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome/ toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), are some of the most life-threa...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2014/565320

    authors: Cheng CY,Su SC,Chen CH,Chen WL,Deng ST,Chung WH

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Markers of biological stress and mucosal immunity during a week leading to competition in adolescent swimmers.

    abstract::In this study we examined changes in the salivary concentrations of immunoglobulin A (sIgA), cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C) in 21 competitive swimmers, 11-15 years old, during a week leading to competition as compared to a control (noncompetition) week. No day-to-day changes...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2014/234565

    authors: Papadopoulos E,Muir C,Russell C,Timmons BW,Falk B,Klentrou P

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • The Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Osteocyte Capacity to Modulate Dendritic Cell Functions Is Strictly Dependent on the Culture System.

    abstract::In vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) into osteocytes (human differentiated osteogenic cells, hDOC) before implantation has been proposed to optimize bone regeneration. However, a deep characterization of the immunological properties of DOC, including their effect on dendritic cell (DC) function,...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2015/526195

    authors: Trabanelli S,La Manna F,Romano M,Salvestrini V,Cavo M,Ciciarello M,Lemoli RM,Curti A

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Defensive Driving: Directing HIV-1 Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity to the Mucosa with Chemokine Adjuvants.

    abstract::A myriad of pathogens gain access to the host via the mucosal route; thus, vaccinations that protect against mucosal pathogens are critical. Pathogens such as HIV, HSV, and influenza enter the host at mucosal sites such as the intestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts. All currently licensed vaccines mediate prot...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2018/3734207

    authors: Gary EN,Kutzler MA

    更新日期:2018-12-13 00:00:00

  • The expression and clinical significance of different forms of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase in systemic lupus erythematosus.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression and clinical significance of trans-membrane MerTK (mMer) on circulating CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and soluble MerTK (sMer) levels in plasma in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHOD:108 SLE patients and 42 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The expression of mM...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2014/431896

    authors: Zhu H,Sun X,Zhu L,Hu F,Shi L,Li Z,Su Y

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of Salivary Levels of RANKL and OPG in Aggressive versus Chronic Periodontitis.

    abstract::RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand) and OPG (osteoprotegerin) are two proteins involved in bone remodelling. During the active phase of periodontal disease, an imbalance between the ratios of the two elements can be noticed. While the expression of RANKL is elevated compared with that of OPG, t...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/6195258

    authors: Teodorescu AC,Martu I,Teslaru S,Kappenberg-Nitescu DC,Goriuc A,Luchian I,Martu MA,Solomon SM,Mârțu S

    更新日期:2019-04-28 00:00:00

  • Computer-Aided Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Epstein-Barr Virus.

    abstract::Epstein-Barr virus is a very common human virus that infects 90% of human adults. EBV replicates in epithelial and B cells and causes infectious mononucleosis. EBV infection is also linked to various cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2017/9363750

    authors: Alonso-Padilla J,Lafuente EM,Reche PA

    更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00

  • Methotrexate Combined with 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide Downregulates Multidrug-Resistance P-Glycoprotein Expression Induced by Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway.

    abstract:Objective:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) multidrug resistance is associated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression. We investigated the effects of methotrexate (MTX) alone and combined with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) on P-gp expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from patients with RA and examined th...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2018/3619320

    authors: Qin K,Chen K,Zhao W,Zhao X,Luo J,Wang Q,Gao C,Li X,Wang C

    更新日期:2018-02-18 00:00:00

  • Comparison of Inhibitory Effects of Safflower Decoction and Safflower Injection on Protein and mRNA Expressions of iNOS and IL-1β in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Cells.

    abstract:Objective:Safflower has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The two forms of preparations for safflower which are widely used in China are injection and decoction. The first step of the process for preparing an injection involves extracting safflower with water, which actually yields a decoction. This study i...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/1018274

    authors: Liao H,Li Y,Zhai X,Zheng B,Banbury L,Zhao X,Li R

    更新日期:2019-05-06 00:00:00

  • DKK2 Impairs Tumor Immunity Infiltration and Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

    abstract::Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most devastating cancer types despite the improvement of modern medicine. In our present study, we found that dickkopf-related protein 2 (DKK2) shares a higher expression in PDAC compared with adjacent pancreas tissue in tissue microarray. In addition, an elev...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/8656282

    authors: Yang J,Jiang Y,He R,Liu W,Yang M,Tao L,Fu X,Shen Y,Li J,Liu D,Huo Y,Zhang J,Hua R,Zhang Z,Sun Y

    更新日期:2019-09-08 00:00:00

  • Anti-VEGF for the management of diabetic macular edema.

    abstract::Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of vision loss around the world, being the leading cause in the population between 20 and 60 years old. Among patients with DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most frequent cause of vision impairment and represents a significant public health issue. Macular photocoa...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2014/632307

    authors: Stefanini FR,Badaró E,Falabella P,Koss M,Farah ME,Maia M

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Cutting Edge: Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Immunomodulation.

    abstract::Probiotics are commensal or nonpathogenic microbes that confer beneficial effects on the host through several mechanisms such as competitive exclusion, antibacterial effects, and modulation of immune responses. Some probiotics have been found to regulate immune responses via immune regulatory mechanisms. T regulatory ...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2019/1603758

    authors: Zeng W,Shen J,Bo T,Peng L,Xu H,Nasser MI,Zhuang Q,Zhao M

    更新日期:2019-04-16 00:00:00

  • TIM-3 and TIM-1 Could Regulate Decidual γδTCR Bright T Cells during Murine Pregnancy.

    abstract::Pregnancy is an immunological enigma where paternal antigens are present at the fetomaternal interface. What regulates the local immunotolerance, which is necessary to prevent rejection of the conceptus, is still under strong investigation. Gamma/delta T cells are believed to play a role in the local regulation of thi...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/3836942

    authors: Nörenberg J,Meggyes M,Jakso P,Miko E,Barakonyi A

    更新日期:2019-05-20 00:00:00

  • The Regulation of Inflammation by Innate and Adaptive Lymphocytes.

    abstract::Inflammation plays an essential role in the control of pathogens and in shaping the ensuing adaptive immune responses. Traditionally, innate immunity has been described as a rapid response triggered through generic and nonspecific means that by definition lacks the ability to remember. Recently, it has become clear th...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2018/1467538

    authors: Cronkite DA,Strutt TM

    更新日期:2018-06-11 00:00:00

  • Pathogenic Roles of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibodies in Cerebellar Ataxias.

    abstract::Reports suggesting a pathogenic role of autoantibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65Abs) in cerebellar ataxias (CAs) are reviewed, and debatable issues such as internalization of antibodies by neurons and roles of epitopes are discussed. GAD65 is one of two enzymes that catalyze the conversion...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2017/2913297

    authors: Mitoma H,Manto M,Hampe CS

    更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00

  • Safety of Human Papillomavirus 9-Valent Vaccine: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

    abstract::Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has been progressively implemented in most developed countries for approximately 10 years. In order to increase the protection of the vaccines, a 9-valent vaccine (HPV9) was developed, which provides protection against nine types of the virus. Studies evaluating its safet...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1155/2017/3736201

    authors: Costa APF,Cobucci RNO,da Silva JM,da Costa Lima PH,Giraldo PC,Gonçalves AK

    更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00

  • MPC1 Deficiency Promotes CRC Liver Metastasis via Facilitating Nuclear Translocation of β-Catenin.

    abstract::Accumulating evidence has pointed out that metastasis is the leading cause of death in several malignant tumor, including CRC. During CRC, metastatic capacity is closely correlated with reprogrammed energy metabolism. Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 1 (MPC1), as the carrier of transporting pyruvate into mitochondria, l...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2020/8340329

    authors: Tian GA,Xu CJ,Zhou KX,Zhang ZG,Gu JR,Zhang XL,Wang YH

    更新日期:2020-08-19 00:00:00

  • A Pilot Study of Echinocandin Combination with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Clindamycin for the Treatment of AIDS Patients with Pneumocystis Pneumonia.

    abstract:Background and Objectives:Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients that continues to result in a high mortality rate. To develop a better treatment strategy and improve PCP prognosis, a cohort study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic ...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/8105075

    authors: Wang M,Lang G,Chen Y,Hu C,Guo Y,Tao R,Dong X,Zhu B

    更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00

  • Role of the Specialized Proresolving Mediator Resolvin D1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Preliminary Results.

    abstract:Objective:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune systemic disease and its pathogenesis has not yet been completely clarified. Patients with SLE show a deranged lipid metabolism, which can contribute to the immunopathogenesis of the disease and to the accelerated atherosclerosis. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a produ...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2018/5264195

    authors: Navarini L,Bisogno T,Margiotta DPE,Piccoli A,Angeletti S,Laudisio A,Ciccozzi M,Afeltra A,Maccarrone M

    更新日期:2018-10-21 00:00:00

  • Immune-Stimulatory and Therapeutic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia: Double-Edged Sword against Salmonellosis.

    abstract::The present study was aimed at determining the activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (AETC and METC) against Salmonella typhimurium. In vitro anti-Salmonella activity of T. cordifolia was determined through the broth dilution and agar well diffusion assays. The immune-stimulating potentia...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2017/1787803

    authors: Alsuhaibani S,Khan MA

    更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00

  • Immunomodulation by Trypanosoma cruzi: toward understanding the association of dendritic cells with infecting TcI and TcII populations.

    abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) are major immune components, and depending on how these cells are modulated, the protective host immune response changes drastically. Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite with high genetic variability and modulates DCs by interfering with their capacity for antigen recognition, migration, and maturati...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2014/962047

    authors: da Costa TA,Silva MV,Mendes MT,Carvalho-Costa TM,Batista LR,Lages-Silva E,Rodrigues V,Oliveira CJ,Ramirez LE

    更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00

  • Evidence for contribution of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in maintaining immune tolerance to human factor IX following perinatal adenovirus vector delivery.

    abstract::Following fetal or neonatal gene transfer in mice and other species immune tolerance of the transgenic protein is frequently observed; however the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. In this study fetal and neonatal BALB/c mice received adenovirus vector to deliver human factor IX (hFIX) cDNA. The long-ter...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2015/397879

    authors: Nivsarkar MS,Buckley SM,Parker AL,Perocheau D,McKay TR,Rahim AA,Howe SJ,Waddington SN

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Anticancer Drugs Induced Severe Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions: An Updated Review on the Risks Associated with Anticancer Targeted Therapy or Immunotherapies.

    abstract::Cutaneous adverse drug reactions are commonly seen in patients with anticancer drug treatment. Anticancer drugs, including chemotherapy, target therapy, and recent immunotherapy causing skin reactions ranging from mild skin rash to life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as Stevens-Johnson sy...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1155/2018/5376476

    authors: Ng CY,Chen CB,Wu MY,Wu J,Yang CH,Hui RC,Chang YC,Lu CW

    更新日期:2018-01-17 00:00:00

  • Immunoinformatics Approach for Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine Design and Active Site Prediction against Polyprotein of Emerging Oropouche Virus.

    abstract::Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging pathogen which causes Oropouche fever and meningitis in humans. Several outbreaks of OROV in South America, especially in Brazil, have changed its status as an emerging disease, but no vaccine or specific drug target is available yet. Our approach was to identify the epitope-based...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2018/6718083

    authors: Adhikari UK,Tayebi M,Rahman MM

    更新日期:2018-10-08 00:00:00

  • Cytokine Profile in Early Infection by Leptospira interrogans in A/J Mice.

    abstract::Leptospirosis is considered a neglected disease with an estimated more than one million cases every year. Since rodents are at the same time the main reservoir and generally asymptomatic to Leptospira infection, understanding why some animal species are resistant and others are susceptible to this infection would shed...

    journal_title:Journal of immunology research

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1155/2019/1892508

    authors: Bavia L,de Castro ÍA,Amano MT,da Silva AMG,Vasconcellos SA,Isaac L

    更新日期:2019-10-07 00:00:00