Abstract：
:The conventional perception asserts that immunology is the science of 'discrimination' between self and non-self. This concept is however no longer tenable as effector cells of the adaptive immune system are first conditioned to be tolerant to the body's own antigens, collectively known as self until now. Only then attain these effectors the responsiveness to non-self. The acquisition of this essential state of tolerance to self occurs for T cells in the thymus, the last major organ of our body that revealed its intricate function in health and disease. The 'thymus' as an anatomical notion was first notably documented in Ancient Greece although our present understanding of the organ's functions was only deciphered commencing in the 1960s. In the late 1980s, the thymus was identified as the site where clones of cells reactive to self, termed 'forbidden' thymocytes, are physically depleted as the result of a process now known as negative selection. The recognition of this mechanism further contributed to the belief that the central rationale of immunology as a science lies in the distinction between self and non-self. This review will discuss the evidence that the thymus serves as a unique lymphoid organ able to instruct T cells to recognize and be tolerant to harmless self before adopting the capacity to defend the body against potentially injurious non-self-antigens presented in the context of different challenges from infections to exposure to malignant cells. The emerging insight into the thymus' cardinal functions now also provides an opportunity to exploit this knowledge to develop novel strategies that specifically prevent or even treat organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
journal_name
Semin Immunopatholjournal_title
Seminars in immunopathologyauthors
Geenen Vdoi
10.1007/s00281-020-00831-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-01-07 00:00:00eissn
1863-2297issn
1863-2300pii
10.1007/s00281-020-00831-ypub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Unfortunately, an error occurred in the following passus of the article. The word "receptor" was missing in the sentence "Because T cells do not express GM-CSF receptor [41], GM-CSF affects non-T cells." ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00746-3
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and represents one of the main inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) forms. The infiltration of immune cells into the mucosa and uncontrolled production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators trigger the chronic inflammat...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00756-1
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a non-inflammatory organ-specific autoimmune disease which affects the kidney glomerulus, resulting in the formation of immune deposits on the outer aspect of the glomerular basement membrane, complement-mediated proteinuria, and severe renal failure in 30% of patients. In the last 10 ye...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0423-y
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of food allergy in developed countries is rising at a rate that cannot be attributed to genetic variation alone. In this review, we discuss the environmental factors that may contribute to the increasing prevalence of potentially fatal anaphylactic responses to food. Decreased exposure to enteric infecti...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0337-5
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver is the central metabolic organ of the organism and is thus constantly exposed to gut-derived dietary and microbial antigens. The liver maintains homoeostatic tolerance to these mostly harmless antigens. However, the liver also functions as a barrier organ to harmful pathogens and is thus permissive to liver ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-017-0659-4
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Why and how HIV makes people sick is highly debated. Recent evidence implicates heightened immune activation due to breakdown of the gastrointestinal barrier as a determining factor of lentiviral pathogenesis. HIV-mediated loss of Th17 cells from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) impairs mucosal integrity and ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00281-009-0158-3
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stronger adaptive immune responses in females can be observed in different mammals, resulting in better control of infections compared to males. However, this presumably evolutionary difference likely also drives higher incidence of autoimmune diseases observed in humans. Here, we summarize sex differences in the most...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-018-0723-8
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The profound alterations in the structure, cellular composition, and function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the basis for the persistent inflammation and cumulative joint destruction that are hallmarks of this disease. In RA, the synovium develops characteristics of a tertiary lymphoid organ, wit...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-017-0631-3
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Food allergy is a harmful immune reaction driven by uncontrolled type 2 immune responses. Considerable evidence demonstrates the key roles of mast cells, IgE, and TH2 cytokines in mediating food allergy. However, this evidence provides limited insight into why only some, rather than all, food allergic individuals are ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0605-x
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in DNA sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies have allowed us to collect more data on microbiome and metabolome to assess the influence of the gut microbiota on human health at a whole-systems level. Major advances in metagenomics and metabolomics technologies have shown that the gut microbiota ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0456-2
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since life in a terrestrial environment threatens mammals continuously with desiccation, the structural, cellular, biochemical, and regulatory mechanisms that sustain permeability barrier homeostasis have justifiably comprised a major thrust of prior and recent research on epidermal barrier function. Yet, the epidermi...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-007-0060-9
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:O-fucosylglycans on Notch extracellular domain epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats are critical in modulating Notch signaling by altering the sensitivity of Notch receptors to activation by Notch ligands. Mice lacking Notch O-fucosylglycans display granulo-monocytic myeloproliferation, hematopoietic stem cell dysfun...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0303-2
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are two severe autoimmune bullous diseases of the mucosae and/or skin associated with autoantibodies directed against desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and/or Dsg1. These two desmosomal cadherins, typifying stratified epithelia, are components of cell adhesion complexes called des...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0541-1
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Implanted devices are mainly used to improve impaired function or to replace missing anatomic structures. They are made of synthetic material or devitalized biological structures. In contrast to vital transplants, they are not rejected by the body. However, the host reacts against these foreign bodies, a process which...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-011-0275-7
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations of differing severity. The exact pathomechanisms and interactions resulting in the inflammatory and immunological processes of this heterogeneous disease remain elusive. Approaches in the understanding of the pathomechanisms r...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0550-0
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gut. Although the precise cause of IBD remains unknown, the most accepted hypothesis of IBD pathogenesis to date is that an aberrant immune response against the gut microbiota is triggered by environmental factors in a genetically...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0454-4
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Commensal microbiota shapes the intestinal immune system by regulating T helper (TH) cell lineage differentiation. For example, Bacteroides fragilis colonization not only optimizes the systemic TH1/TH2 balance, but also can induce regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in the gut. In addition, segmented filamentous ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0455-3
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have identified novel lymphocyte subsets named innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) lacking antigen-specific receptors. ILCs are present in a wide variety of epithelial compartments and occupy an intermediate position between acquired immune cells and myeloid cells. ILCs are now classified into three groups: gr...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0470-4
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) operate at the intersection of the innate and adaptive immune systems. DCs can promote or inhibit adaptive immune responses against neuroantigens. While DC intrinsic properties, i.e., their maturation state or the subset they belong to, are important determinants of the outcome of an autoimmune r...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0608-7
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infection by the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Slow progress has been made in lessening the impact of tuberculosis (TB) on human health, especially in parts of the world where Mtb is endemic. Due to the complexity of TB disease,...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0537-x
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intestine is normally colonized by a large and diverse commensal microbiota and is occasionally exposed to a variety of potential pathogens. In recent years, there has been substantial progress made in identifying molecular mechanisms that normally serve to protect the intestine from such enteric bacteria and whic...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-007-0100-5
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunity is not static but varies with age. The immune system of a newborn infant is not "defective" or "immature." Rather, there are distinct features of innate and adaptive immunity from fetal life to adulthood, which may alter the susceptibility of newborn infants to infections compared to adults. Increased protect...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-017-0641-1
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways that affects millions of people worldwide. Allergic asthma is a T helper 2 cell (Th2)-mediated disease, in which Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are closely associated with the symptoms. IL-4 is needed by B cells to switch toward ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0556-2
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Checkpoint inhibitors blocking CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) and PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) have transfigured our cancer treatment paradigm. However, these drugs can induce immune-related adverse events that share clinical and pathological characteristics with immune-mediated diseases. One of the most severe immune-related...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-016-0613-x
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Asthma is a common, complex, multifaceted disease. It comprises multiple phenotypes, which might benefit from treatment with different types of innovative targeted therapies. Refining these phenotypes and understanding their underlying biological structure would help to apply precision medicine approaches. Using diffe...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-019-00776-x
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoprotein family, also referred to as human leukocyte antigens, present endogenous and exogenous antigens to T lymphocytes for recognition and response. These molecules play a central role in enabling the immune system to distinguish self from non-self, which is the basis ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0309-9
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic filamentous fungus and also the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen of humans. Depending on the host's immune status, the variety of diseases caused by A. fumigatus ranges from allergies in immunocompetent hosts to life-threatening invasive infections in patients with impair...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-014-0465-1
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malignant transformation of cells is often associated with changes in classical and non-classical HLA class I antigen, HLA class II antigen as well as NK cell activating ligand (NKCAL) expression. These changes are believed to play a role in the clinical course of the disease since these molecules are critical to the ...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-011-0270-z
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Food allergy is an increasingly prevalent disease of immune dysregulation directed to a small subset of proteins. Shared structural and functional features of allergens, such as glycosylation, lipid-binding and protease activity may provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the induction of primary Th2 immune re...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-012-0334-8
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a severity spectrum of rare diseases. CAPS comprises the three conditions previously described as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disorder (NOMID), also known as chronic infanti...
journal_title：Seminars in immunopathology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00281-015-0491-7
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
