Ethical and public policy challenges for pharmacogenomics.

Abstract:

:It is timely to consider the ethical and social questions raised by progress in pharmacogenomics, based on the current importance of pharmacogenomics for avoidance of predictable side effects of drugs, and for correct choice of medications in certain cancers. It has been proposed that the entire population be genotyped for drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms, as a measure that would prevent many untoward and dangerous drug reactions. Pharmacologic treatment targeting based on genomics of disease can be expected to increase greatly in the coming years. Policy and ethical issues exist on consent for large-scale genomic pharmacogenomic data collection, public vs corporate ownership of genomic research results, testing efficacy and safety of drugs used for rare genomic indications, and accessibility of treatments based on costly research that is applicable to relatively few patients. In major psychiatric disorders and intellectual deficiency, rare and de novo deletion or duplication of chromosomal segments (copy number variation), in the aggregate, are common causes of increased risk. This implies that the policy problems of pharmacogenomics will be particularly important for the psychiatric disorders. :Es oportuno tener en cuenta las preguntas éticas y sociales que surgen del progreso en la farmacogenómíca, dada la importancía actual de ésta para evitar los efectos secundarios predecíbles de los fármacos y para la elección correcta de medícamentos en ciertos tipos de cáncer. Se ha propuesto que se le realice el genotipo para el polimorfismo de las enzimas metabolizadoras de fármacos a toda la población, como una medida que podría prevenir muchas reacciones adversas y peligrosas a fármacos. Se puede esperar que el tratamiento farmacológico focalizado basado en la genómica de la enfermedad aumente de manera importante en los próximos años. Existen aspectos políticos y éticos en el consentimiento de la obtención a gran escala de datos genómicos/farmacogenómicos, en la propiedad pública versus privada de los resultados de la investigación genómica, en las pruebas de eficacia y seguridad de fármacos utilizados en indicaciones genómicas raras, y en la accesibilidad a tratamientos basados en costosa investigación que sea aplicable a relativamente pocos pacientes. La deleción rara y de novo o la duplicación de segmentos cromosómicos (variación en el número de copias) son en general causas comunes de aumento del riesgo de los principales trastornos psiquiátricos y del déficit intelectual. Esto implica que los problemas políticos de la farmacogenómica serán especialmente importantes para los trastornos psiquiátricos. :Les progrès de la pharmacogénomique pour éviter les effets indésirables prévisibles des médicaments et pour choisir correctement les traitements dans certains cancers, ont soulevé des questions éthiques et sociales qu'il est temps d'examiner. Le génotypage de la population entière pour les polymorphismes enzymatiques métabolisant les médicaments a été proposé afin de prévenir des effets indésirables nocifs et dangereux. Le ciblage des traitements pharmacologiques fondé sur la génomique va vraisemblablement augmenter considérablement durant les années à venir. Des questions éthiques et politiques se posent au sujet de l'autorisation du recueil de grande envergure des données génomiques et pharmacogénomiques, de la propriété publique vs privée des données de recherche génomique, des essais d'efficacité et de sécurité d'emploi des médicaments utilisés pour des indications génomiques rares, et de l'accessibilité des traitements basés sur une recherche coûteuse bénéficiant à relativement peu de patients. Dans les troubles psychiatriques majeurs et la déficience intellectuelle, la délétion rare et de novo de segments chromosomiques ou leur duplication (variation du nombre de copies), sont dans l'ensemble des causes courantes d'augmentation du risque. Ceci signifie que les questions de politiques publiques par rapport à la pharmacogénomique seront particulièrement importantes avec les troubles psychiatriques.

authors

Gershon ES,Alliey-Rodriguez N,Grennan K

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2014-12-01 00:00:00

pages

567-74

issue

4

eissn

1294-8322

issn

1958-5969

journal_volume

16

pub_type

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