Abstract:
:Organically modified rectorite (OREC) micro/nanoparticles can be synthesized by organic modification from calcium rectorite (Ca(2+)-REC or REC), a common form of rectorite in nature. Although REC and OREC have potential applications in food packing and drug delivery, their cytotoxicity is not clear. In the present study, we investigated and compared the cytotoxicity of REC and OREC micro/nanoparticles in Chang liver cells, the human normal hepatic cells, and human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The interlayer spacing of OREC was enlarged after organic modification. After treatment with REC or OREC for 24 h at 1 and 5 μg/mL, they were taken up by Chang liver cells. REC and OREC induced cytotoxicity in Chang liver and HepG2 cells at almost all doses (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 μg/mL) after 6, 24, and 48 h of treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with REC, OREC was more cytotoxic. However, there was no difference in the cytotoxicity of REC and OREC between the two cell lines. After treatment with REC or OREC at 7.5 and 10 μg/mL for 24 h, the apoptotic and necrotic percentages of Chang liver cells were increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and pro-caspase-3 were all decreased in Chang liver cells after 24 h of exposure to REC or OREC at 5, 7.5, 10 μg/mL. There was no change in the relative ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 after treatment, indicating that REC or OREC-induced apoptosis was not associated with Bax-related mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Our results suggested that OREC was more cytotoxic than REC, but the underlying mechanisms need further investigation.
journal_name
Chem Res Toxicoljournal_title
Chemical research in toxicologyauthors
Liu Y,Deng H,Xiao C,Xie C,Zhou Xdoi
10.1021/tx500115psubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-08-18 00:00:00pages
1401-10issue
8eissn
0893-228Xissn
1520-5010journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Contact allergy is caused by a wide range of chemicals after skin contact. Its clinical manifestation, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), is developed upon repeated contact with the allergen. This perspective focuses on two areas that have yielded new useful information during the last 20 years: (i) structure-activity...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1021/tx7002239
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::"Krokodil" is the street name for a homemade injectable drug that has been used as a cheap substitute for heroin. Codeine is the opioid starting material for krokodil synthesis, and desomorphine is claimed to be the main opioid of krokodil and the main component responsible for its addictive and psychoactive character...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00126
更新日期:2017-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::Thalidomide is an infamous teratogen and it is continuously being explored for its anticancer properties. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are implicated in embryo development and cancer pathophysiology. With striking similarities observed between FGFR implicated conditions and thalidomide embryopathy, we hy...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00286
更新日期:2019-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The gender differences in the in vitro microsomal metabolic activation of hepatotoxic clivorine, a representative naturally occurring hepatotoxic otonecine type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, in Sprague-Dawley rats and their relation to the gender differences in susceptibility to clivorine intoxication were reported in the p...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx0340302
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::At high doses, green tea extracts and green tea's major active constituent, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), despite their generally perceived health benefits, have been suspected to cause hepatotoxicity in certain human populations. It has been reported that o-quinone metabolites of gallic acid or EGCG are causat...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00450
更新日期:2020-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::Toxicity data for 82 aliphatic chemicals with an alpha,beta-unsaturated substructure were compiled. Toxicity was assessed in the 2-day Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth impairment assay. Toxic potency [log(IGC50(-1))] for most of these chemicals was in excess of baseline narcosis as quantified by the 1-octanol/...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx049833j
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Derivatives of methyl 3-(1-methyl-5-(1-methyl-5-(propylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-ylamino)-3-oxopropane-1-sulfonate (1), a peptide-based DNA minor groove binding methylating agent, were synthesized and characterized. In all cases, the N-terminus was appended with an O-methyl sulfonate ester, while...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx300437x
更新日期:2013-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::Mouse models are powerful tools to study the developmental neurotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); however, studies of the oxidation of chiral PCB congeners to potentially neurotoxic hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in mice have not been reported. Here, we investigate the atropselective oxidation of chira...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx400229e
更新日期:2013-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::The urine from mice exposed to styrene vapors (600 and 1200 mg/m(3), 6 h) was analyzed for ring-oxidized metabolites of styrene. To facilitate the identification of metabolites in urine, the following potential metabolites were prepared: 2-, 3-, and 4-vinylphenol (2-, 3-, and 4-VP), 4-vinylpyrocatechol, and 2-, 3-, an...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx9004192
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::(R)-Thalidomide was oxidized to 5-hydroxythalidomide and 5'-hydroxythalidomide by NADPH-fortified liver microsomes from humans and monkeys. (R)-Thalidomide was hydroxylated more efficiently than (S)-thalidomide. Recombinant human P450s 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7 and monkey P450s 3A8 and 3A5 (coexpressed with NADPH-P450 reducta...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx900367p
更新日期:2010-06-21 00:00:00
abstract::The microsomal metabolism of the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was suggested to be initiated by hydrogen atom abstraction to form an alpha-nitrosamino radical, which either oxidizes further to an alpha-hydroxy nitrosamine as the initial product of the activating dealkylation pathway or fragments to the nitr...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx00010a006
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::While considerable effort has been expended on determining the health effects of exposure to typical urban concentrations of O3, little is known about the chemical events responsible for toxicity. Phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membranes of lung cells are likely reaction sites for inhaled...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx00025a023
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cytotoxicity of Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles (NP) at very low exposure levels (1 μg/mL and less) to a dominant bacterial isolate from freshwater (lake water), Bacillus licheniformis, was examined. Sterile lake water was directly used as a test medium or matrix to simulate the freshwater environment. Exposure to 1 μg/mL...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx200244g
更新日期:2011-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::Electrophilic DNA adducts produced following oxidative stress can form DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs), dramatically altering genomic maintenance pathways. Complete characterization of DPCs has been hindered, in part, because of a lack of comprehensive techniques for their analysis. We have, therefore, established a pr...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx400384e
更新日期:2014-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::The biological response of bronchial epithelial cells to particles is associated with a sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface and a subsequent disruption in host iron homeostasis. The macrophage is the cell type resident in the respiratory tract that is most likely to make initial contact with inhaled pa...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00301
更新日期:2019-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::The bay region epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE) alkylates DNA to form adducts with >98% trans stereochemistry. Halide ions catalyze this reaction; however, this pathway is characterized by the formation of adducts with altered cis stereochemistry. Bay region halohydrins are possible intermediates in these reactio...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx980056v
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genotoxicity of the dihydrofurans aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and sterigmatocystin (STG) was examined in a bacterial system in which the induction of SOS repair is monitored with the umuC gene linked to a lacZ reporter gene in plasmid pSK1002. Human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450NF oxidized the di...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx00008a008
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions due to the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac have been proposed to be caused by the generation of reactive acyl glucuronides and oxidative metabolites. For the oxidative metabolism of diclofenac by cytochromes P450 at least five different reactive intermediates have been proposed p...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx400204d
更新日期:2013-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::Sulfhydration by a hydrogen sulfide anion and electrophile thiolation by reactive sulfur species (RSS) such as persulfides/polysulfides (e.g., R-S-SH/R-S-Sn-H(R)) are unique reactions in electrophilic signaling. Using 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-4-thioacetate (1,2-NQH2-SAc) as a precursor to 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene-4-th...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx500416y
更新日期:2015-05-18 00:00:00
abstract::The deamination of DNA bases by three alpha-nitrosaminoaldehydes, butylethanalnitrosamine, methylethanalnitrosamine, and N-nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine (NHMOR), the direct metabolite of potent animal carcinogen N-nitrosodiethanolamine, was demonstrated by a set of in vitro experiments. The deamination of guanine, adeni...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx990126d
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allyl alcohol (AA) is one of the environmental pollutants used as a herbicide and industrial chemical. AA undergoes enzymatic oxidation in vivo to form Acrolein (Acr), a highly reactive and ubiquitous environmental toxicant. The exposure to AA/Acr has detrimental effects on cells and is highly fatal. In corroboration ...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00071
更新日期:2015-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Bezafibrate is a hypolipidemic drug that belongs to the group of peroxisome proliferators because it binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors type alpha (PPARs). Peroxisome proliferators produce a myriad of extraperoxisomal effects, which are not necessarily dependent on their interaction with PPARs. An in...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx0341052
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In humans and mice, in utero exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is associated with adverse health outcomes later in life. The contribution of preconception exposure to the adverse outcomes in offspring has never been studied. Here combined in utero and postnatal exposures produce insulin resistance in two collaborati...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00107
更新日期:2019-08-19 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1, on the catalytic activities and total content of hepatic P450 was determined in vivo and in vitro. Hepatic microsomes were prepared from groups of rats prior to dosing and at 2, 5, 12, and 24 h postdosing, and total P450 conten...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx970227g
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vinyl chloride and acrolein are important industrial chemicals. Both form DNA adducts, vinyl chloride after enzymatic oxidation to chlorooxirane and acrolein by direct reaction. Reaction at the N(2) position of guanine is a major pathway. The resulting 2-oxoethyl and 3-oxopropyl adducts cyclize spontaneously to hydrox...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx990167+
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::3-Methylindole (3MI) is a preferential pneumotoxicant found in cigarette smoke. A number of lung-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes, including 1A1, 2F1, and 2A13, catalyze the metabolism of 3MI to reactive intermediates that fragment DNA, measured with the Comet assay to assess DNA damage, in a cytochrome P450-de...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx100147z
更新日期:2010-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::As COVID-19 swept across the world, it created a global pandemic and an unpredictable and challenging job market. This article discusses the future of the 2020-2021 job market in both academia and industry in the midst and aftermath of this pandemic. ...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00436
更新日期:2020-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Among the cellular components that can react directly with peroxynitrite in the presence of physiological CO(2) concentrations are sulfur-, selenium-, and metal-containing proteins, in particular hemoproteins. We have previously shown that the reactions of peroxynitrite with oxymyoglobin (MbFeO(2)) and oxyhemoglobin p...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx025595l
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Double-strand breaks are widely accepted to be the most toxic form of DNA damage. Molecules that produce double-strand breaks via a single chemical event are typically very cytotoxic and far less common than those that form single-strand breaks. It was recently reported that a commonly formed C4'-radical produces doub...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00032
更新日期:2015-04-20 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing exposure of biological systems to large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is of great public concern. Organisms have an array of biological defense mechanisms, and it is believed that mucosal gel (which covers the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, etc.) provides an effective chemical...
journal_title:Chemical research in toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1021/tx100426s
更新日期:2011-03-21 00:00:00