Abstract:
:Smaller, more charge-intensive electrodes are needed for "safe" stimulation of the nervous system. In this paper we review critical concepts and the state of the art in electrodes. Control of charge density and charge balance are essential to avoid tissue electrolysis. Chemical criteria for "safe" stimulation are reviewed ("safe" is equated with "chemically reversible"). An example of a safe, but generally impractical, charge-injection process is double-layer charging. The limit here is the onset of irreversible faradaic processes. More charge can be safely injected with so-called "capacitor" electrodes, such as porous intermixtures of Ta/Ta2O5. BaTiO3 has excellent dielectric properties and may provide a new generation of capacitor electrodes. Faradaic charge injection is usually partially irreversible since some of the products escape into the solution. With Pt, up to 400 muc/cm2 real area can be absorbed by faradaic reactions of surface-adsorbed species, but a small part is lost due to metal dissolution. The surface of "activated" Ir is covered with a multilayer hydrated oxide. Charge injection occurs via rapid valence change within this oxide. Little or no metal dissolution is observed, and gassing limits are not exceeded even under stringent conditions.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Brummer SB,Robblee LS,Hambrecht FTdoi
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb31628.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1983-01-01 00:00:00pages
159-71eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632journal_volume
405pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Enhancer DNA decoy oligonucleotides (ODNs) inhibit transcription by competing for transcription factors. A decoy ODN composed of the cAMP response element (CRE) inhibits CRE-directed gene transcription and tumor growth without affecting normal cell growth. We used DNA microarrays to analyze the global gene expression ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1281.011
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been proposed that spacetime should be regarded as an evolving block universe, bounded to the future by the present time, which continually extends to the future. This future boundary is defined at each time by measuring proper time along Ricci eigenlines from the start of the universe. A key point, then, is th...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::The recent identification of lymphatic endothelial cell-specific markers and the generation of mouse models harboring mutations in many genes that encode those markers have enabled us to begin to elucidate the developmental steps that go toward establishing the lymphatic vasculature network. Understanding these basic ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1413.006
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite a globally uniform increase in the concentrations of emitted greenhouse gases, radiatively forced surface warming can have significant spatial variations. These define warming patterns that depend on preexisting climate states and through atmospheric and oceanic dynamics can drive changes of the hydrological c...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.14335
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Odorant receptors are thought to be critical determinants of olfactory sensory neuron axon targeting and organization. Nonetheless, a systematic characterization of the onset of odorant receptor expression has not yet been done in the main olfactory epithelium. Here, we briefly review our current understanding regardi...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04366.x
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In many scientific and technical applications, a three-dimensional (3D) object must be reconstructed, either to assist in understanding the object's structure or to ease its automatic handling and analysis. Volume reconstruction has been used in health care to diagnose, simulate, facilitate surgical planning, develop ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04897.x
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin (IL)-11 is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines. Comparison of IL-11 with another gp130 family member, IL-6, indicates that these two cytokines share many overlapping signal transduction mechanisms. However, unlike IL-6, treatment of patients with a recombinant human form of IL-11 (rhIL-11) does not i...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1998-09-29 00:00:00
abstract::Until now, neoadjuvant therapy plus surgical resection of the primary tumor and potential metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) has been the current optimal treatment for locally advanced thoracic esophageal cancer (EC). LN metastasis is one of the most negative prognostic factors for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinom...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.14427
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the aforementioned complications, noninvasive saliva collection has provided the medical and research community with an excellent medium for the monitoring of plasma steroid levels. This noninvasive method has permitted the evaluation and assessment of a multitude of endocrine studies that would have been extr...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18348.x
更新日期:1993-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::Coccidioides causes coccidioidomycosis in the southwestern United States. Its clinical manifestations range from the primary asymptomatic to progressive pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Because of endemicity, frequent relapse, and virulent nature of Coccidioides, there is an urgent need for the development of eff...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rewards can be viewed as probability distributions of reward values. Besides expected (mean) value, a key parameter of such distributions is variance (or standard deviation), which constitutes a measure of risk. Single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex signal risk mostly separately from value. Comparable risk signals in...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06256.x
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza A virus infections result in approximately 500,000 human deaths per year and many more sublethal infections. Wild birds are recognized as the ancestral host of influenza A viruses, and avian viruses have contributed genetic material to most human viruses, including subtypes H5N1 and H1N1. Thus, influenza vir...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05451.x
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the annual Ramazzini Days, the Mayor of Carpi confers the Ramazzini Award on scientists deemed by the Collegium Ramazzini to have made outstanding contributions to furthering the aims of Bernardino Ramazzini in safeguarding public health. Dr. Lorenzo Tomatis was the Ramazzini Award recipient in 2005, and the pr...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1371.039
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors present a multifactorial model for the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in homosexual men. It is posited that there is no specific AIDS agent; rather, AIDS is conceptualized as the result of an interaction of the known or likely effects of repeated exposures to specific environment...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb37134.x
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::After nearly a century of inquiry, the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains to be found. In this review, basic and clinical evidence is presented that assembles and hypothetically explains most of the key pathologic events associated with the development of AD. These pathologic events are triggered in AD by impai...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05572.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deposition of amyloid beta protein in the brain is the major pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid beta protein is generated from beta-amyloid precursor protein by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. Proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein at the beta site by BACE1 is essential to generate a...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1332.004
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer is a primary public health problem and the second leading cause of death worldwide. It causes life-threatening malignancies and results in high financial costs for both patients and the healthcare system. Hence, it is important to develop effective long-term strategies pertaining to prevention and control of ca...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13446
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in the development of three different types of antiviral drugs, the nucleotide and non-nucleotide analogues acting as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and the nonpeptidic viral protease inhibitors (PI), and their introduction in the management of patients with AIDS, either alone or in combinati...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells. In humans with T1D and in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice (a murine model for human T1D), autoreactive T cells cause β-cell destruction, as transfer or deletion of these cells induces or...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systemic administration of 5,7-HT to newborn rats produces an altered development of the 5-HT neurons in the central nervous system, with marked regional differences. 5,7-Hydroxytryptamine can enter the brain and elicit its neurotoxic actions after systemic administration in the neonatal stage due to an incompletely d...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb31532.x
更新日期:1978-06-12 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical and experimental gerontologists are extremely interested in lipoproteins as well as in new methods for investigating and probing the apolipoprotein pattern. Using immunofixation electrophoresis, we separated free apolipoprotein A-1 from the apo A-1 associated with high-density lipoproteins. Free apolipoprotei...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb27469.x
更新日期:1992-12-26 00:00:00
abstract::Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the exchange of acyl groups between carnitine and coenzyme A (CoA). These enzymes include carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT), and carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPTs). CPT-I and CPT-II are crucial for the beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty aci...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1320.002
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical and basic research in the area of drugs of abuse are of utmost importance since they provide the necessary background for health programs in one of the main problems of contemporary society. The available data in this field demonstrate that acute, subacute and/or chronic abuse of illicit drugs, e.g., cocaine,...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17448.x
更新日期:1996-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental data together with clinical studies have generated information about the association between sympathetic nervous system activity and immunity as measured by in vitro correlates of cellular immune function. In addition, studies on the in vivo role of central CRF in coordinating sympathetic outflow and modu...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb49933.x
更新日期:1993-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::A major goal of drug abuse research is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the behavioral changes caused by repeated exposure to cocaine. Enduring behavioral changes, such as behavioral sensitization, can be induced in rodents by repeated cocaine administration. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04146.x
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The last decade has witnessed a surge in studies on steroid hormones of maternal origin present in avian eggs and affecting offspring development. The value of such studies for the understanding of maternal effects and individual differentiation is endorsed and a series of methodological and conceptual issues in the c...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1343.014
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adherent-cell-depleted primed rabbit splenocytes were capable of mounting an in vitro response to SRBC. The addition of alveolar macrophages (AM) to adherent-cell-depleted or unseparated lymphoid cell populations resulted in significant suppression of the PFC response. Suppressive activity was limited to AM and depend...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb47141.x
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Ras proteins, which regulate intracellular signaling by a cyclic process involving interconversion between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states, play an essential role in controlling the activity of several crucial signaling pathways regulating normal cellular proliferation. Mutational activation of RAS ...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1196/annals.1329.007
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The obesity epidemic is a leading cause of health problems in the United States, increasing the risk of cardiovascular, endocrine, and psychiatric diseases. Although many people lose weight through changes in diet and lifestyle, keeping the weight off remains a challenge. Here, we discuss a hypothesis that seeks to ex...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/nyas.13665
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) is a protein film with unique composition and properties, which is formed by the selective adsorption of a variety of oral fluid-derived proteins onto tooth enamel surfaces. Since events leading to caries and periodontal disease occur in close proximity to the tooth surface, pellicle...
journal_title:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1196/annals.1384.023
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00