Estimation of the standardized risk difference and ratio in a competing risks framework: application to injection drug use and progression to AIDS after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract:

:There are few published examples of absolute risk estimated from epidemiologic data subject to censoring and competing risks with adjustment for multiple confounders. We present an example estimating the effect of injection drug use on 6-year risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy between 1998 and 2012 in an 8-site US cohort study with death before AIDS as a competing risk. We estimate the risk standardized to the total study sample by combining inverse probability weights with the cumulative incidence function; estimates of precision are obtained by bootstrap. In 7,182 patients (83% male, 33% African American, median age of 38 years), we observed 6-year standardized AIDS risks of 16.75% among 1,143 injection drug users and 12.08% among 6,039 nonusers, yielding a standardized risk difference of 4.68 (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 8.08) and a standardized risk ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.72). Results may be sensitive to the assumptions of exposure-version irrelevance, no measurement bias, and no unmeasured confounding. These limitations suggest that results be replicated with refined measurements of injection drug use. Nevertheless, estimating the standardized risk difference and ratio is straightforward, and injection drug use appears to increase the risk of AIDS.

journal_name

Am J Epidemiol

authors

Cole SR,Lau B,Eron JJ,Brookhart MA,Kitahata MM,Martin JN,Mathews WC,Mugavero MJ,CNICS Research Network.

doi

10.1093/aje/kwu122

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-02-15 00:00:00

pages

238-45

issue

4

eissn

0002-9262

issn

1476-6256

pii

kwu122

journal_volume

181

pub_type

杂志文章,多中心研究
  • Second primary cancers following anal and cervical carcinoma: evidence of shared etiologic factors.

    abstract::The authors examined the incidence of second primary cancers occurring after cervical and anal cancer. Data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry for 1935-1988 and eight other US tumor registries for 1973-1988 were used. Women with primary invasive cervical cancer had a relative risk of 4.6 (95% confidence interval (CI)...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116420

    authors: Rabkin CS,Biggar RJ,Melbye M,Curtis RE

    更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00

  • Racial variations in vision.

    abstract::This study determined the distributions of uncorrected visual acuity and of refractive error in representative groups of Australian Aborigines and Australians of European origin aged 20-30 years. The methodology used in this study and its verification are described in detail. As a group, the Aborigines have significan...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113067

    authors: Taylor HR

    更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00

  • Toenail selenium levels and the risk of breast cancer.

    abstract::The association between toenail selenium and breast cancer was studied in a prospective study on diet and cancer among 62,573 Dutch women aged 55-69 years that started in September 1986. The analysis was based on 355 breast cancer cases, detected during 3.3 years of follow-up (1986-1989), for whom selenium data were a...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117155

    authors: van den Brandt PA,Goldbohm RA,van't Veer P,Bode P,Dorant E,Hermus RJ,Sturmans F

    更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00

  • Age at Immigration, Generational Status, and Death Among Children of Immigrant Mothers: A Longitudinal Analysis of Siblings.

    abstract::Studies have documented that age at immigration and generational status are important predictors of socioeconomic outcomes among children of immigrants. Whether these characteristics are related to long-term risk of death is unknown. Leveraging variation within sibships, we evaluated the association of age at immigrat...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwz055

    authors: Mehta NK,Martikainen P,Cederström A

    更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00

  • The quality of modern cross-sectional ecologic studies: a bibliometric review.

    abstract::The ecologic study design is routinely used by epidemiologists in spite of its limitations. It is presently unknown how well the challenges of the design are dealt with in epidemiologic research. The purpose of this bibliometric review was to critically evaluate the characteristics, statistical methods, and reporting ...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwr241

    authors: Dufault B,Klar N

    更新日期:2011-11-15 00:00:00

  • Vitamin C deficiency in a population of young Canadian adults.

    abstract::A cross-sectional study of the 979 nonsmoking women and men aged 20-29 years who participated in the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study from 2004 to 2008 was conducted to determine the prevalence of serum ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency and its association with markers of chronic disease in a population of yo...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwp156

    authors: Cahill L,Corey PN,El-Sohemy A

    更新日期:2009-08-15 00:00:00

  • Dietary cation intake and blood pressure in black girls and white girls.

    abstract::The authors examined the relative importance of dietary sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium intakes as correlates of blood pressure in a cross-sectional analysis of 987 black and 1,043 white 9- and 10-year-old girls from Richmond, California, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, DC, who were enrolled in the Nationa...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116975

    authors: Simon JA,Obarzanek E,Daniels SR,Frederick MM

    更新日期:1994-01-15 00:00:00

  • Psychotropic drugs and risk of recurrent falls in ambulatory nursing home residents.

    abstract::Although psychotropic drug use has been associated with increased risk of falls in long-term care settings; this association may be confounded by the high prevalence of dementia and depression and other fall risk factors. This question was addressed in a prospective cohort study of recurrent falls among 282 ambulatory...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117619

    authors: Thapa PB,Gideon P,Fought RL,Ray WA

    更新日期:1995-07-15 00:00:00

  • Dietary Fat Intake and Fecundability in 2 Preconception Cohort Studies.

    abstract::The association between dietary fat and fertility is not well studied. We evaluated intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids (TFA), ω-3 fatty acids, and ω-6 fatty acids in relation to fecundability in Danish and North American preconceptio...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwx204

    authors: Wise LA,Wesselink AK,Tucker KL,Saklani S,Mikkelsen EM,Cueto H,Riis AH,Trolle E,McKinnon CJ,Hahn KA,Rothman KJ,Sørensen HT,Hatch EE

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Changing patterns of Kaposi's sarcoma in Danish acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with complete follow-up. The Danish Study Group for HIV Infection (DASHI).

    abstract::The objective was to study changes in the occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related Kaposi's sarcoma and the association with degree of immunodeficiency over time. Danish patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosed between 1979 and 1990 (n = 687) were followed clinically and with ...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117481

    authors: Lundgren JD,Melbye M,Pedersen C,Rosenberg PS,Gerstoft J

    更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00

  • Quality of reporting of observational longitudinal research.

    abstract::Observational longitudinal research is particularly useful for assessing etiology and prognosis and for providing evidence for clinical decision making. However, there are no structured reporting requirements for studies of this design to assist authors, editors, and readers. The authors developed and tested a checkli...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwi042

    authors: Tooth L,Ware R,Bain C,Purdie DM,Dobson A

    更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00

  • Prevalence of hepatitis B antibody in prostitutes.

    abstract::The possibility that hepatitis B is transmitted venereally was examined by determining the prevalence of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HB(S)) in populations with different levels of promiscuity. Of 258 prostitutes, 31% were anti-HB(S) positive, compared to 10% of 258 female age-matched blood donors, 10% of 48 nuns living...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112153

    authors: Frösner GG,Buchholz HM,Gerth HJ

    更新日期:1975-09-01 00:00:00

  • Alcohol and nutrients in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged adults.

    abstract::A population-based case-control study was conducted from 1985 to 1989 in western Washington State to assess the relation between nutrients and the incidence of colon cancer in men and women aged 30-62. A food frequency questionnaire was used to document the usual diet 7 years before diagnosis for 424 cases and at a si...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116851

    authors: Meyer F,White E

    更新日期:1993-08-15 00:00:00

  • Genetic Epidemiology and Public Health: The Evolution From Theory to Technology.

    abstract::Genetic epidemiology represents a hybrid of epidemiologic designs and statistical models that explicitly consider both genetic and environmental risk factors for disease. It is a relatively new field in public health; the term was first coined only 35 years ago. In this short time, the field has been through a major e...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kww001

    authors: Fallin MD,Duggal P,Beaty TH

    更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00

  • Urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and cognitive function in Puerto Rican adults.

    abstract::DNA oxidative stress has been suggested as an important pathogenic mechanism in cognitive impairment and dementia. With baseline data collected from 2004 to 2008, the authors examined whether urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of global DNA oxidation, was associated with cognitive function in a s...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwq136

    authors: Gao X,Lai CQ,Scott T,Shen J,Cai T,Ordovas JM,Tucker KL

    更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00

  • Relation between maternal recreational physical activity and plasma lipids in early pregnancy.

    abstract::The authors examined the relation between recreational physical activity and plasma lipid concentrations in early pregnancy. Between 1996 and 2000, 925 normotensive, nondiabetic pregnant women in Washington State were interviewed at approximately 13 weeks' gestation regarding type, frequency, and duration of physical ...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwh223

    authors: Butler CL,Williams MA,Sorensen TK,Frederick IO,Leisenring WM

    更新日期:2004-08-15 00:00:00

  • The investigation of age at onset as a risk factor for mortality in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using Cox proportional hazards models.

    abstract::Proportional hazards models measuring the effect of age at onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on mortality risk are presented. The study population consisted of 924 insulin-dependent diabetic patients who were seen within 1 year of diagnosis at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between 1950 and 1981 and were...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115804

    authors: Kostraba JN,Dorman JS,LaPorte RE,Kuller LH,Orchard TJ,Becker DJ,Drash AL

    更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00

  • Why evidence for the fetal origins of adult disease might be a statistical artifact: the "reversal paradox" for the relation between birth weight and blood pressure in later life.

    abstract::Some researchers have recently questioned the validity of associations between birth weight and health in later life. They argue that these associations might be due in part to inappropriate statistical adjustment for variables on the causal pathway (such as current body size), which creates an artifactual statistical...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwi002

    authors: Tu YK,West R,Ellison GT,Gilthorpe MS

    更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00

  • Capture-recapture and multiple-record systems estimation I: History and theoretical development. International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting.

    abstract::This paper reviews the historical background and the theoretical development of models for the analysis of data from capture-recapture or multiple-record systems for estimating the size of closed populations. The models and methods were originally developed for use in fisheries and wildlife biology and were later adap...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:

    authors:

    更新日期:1995-11-15 00:00:00

  • Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women.

    abstract::To investigate whether greater intakes of calcium, vitamin D, or milk products may protect against ischemic heart disease mortality, the authors analyzed data from a prospective cohort study of 34,486 postmenopausal Iowa women 55-69 years old and without a history of ischemic heart disease who completed a dietary ques...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009781

    authors: Bostick RM,Kushi LH,Wu Y,Meyer KA,Sellers TA,Folsom AR

    更新日期:1999-01-15 00:00:00

  • Birth weight and mortality in childhood in Norway.

    abstract::In order to estimate the association between intrauterine growth and childhood survival, data on birth weight and gestational age from the Norwegian Birth Registry, for all children who survived the first year of life and who were born during the period 1967-1989 were linked to the National Cause of Death Registry for...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009575

    authors: Samuelsen SO,Magnus P,Bakketeig LS

    更新日期:1998-11-15 00:00:00

  • Ischemic heart disease mortality and morbidity rates in former drinkers: a meta-analysis.

    abstract::Current abstainers from alcohol have been identified as an inadequate reference group in epidemiologic studies of the effects of alcohol, because inclusion of former drinkers might lead to overestimation of the protective effects and underestimation of the detrimental effects of drinking alcohol. The authors' objectiv...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwq364

    authors: Roerecke M,Rehm J

    更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00

  • Assessing nutrient intake with an abbreviated dietary interview.

    abstract::There is considerable interest in developing a means of assessing dietary intake of specific nutrients with minimal time and expense in epidemiologic studies. Using data from 1,682 individuals who were interviewed using an extensive food frequency dietary history, the authors examined the question of how many foods mi...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114085

    authors: Byers T,Marshall J,Fiedler R,Zielezny M,Graham S

    更新日期:1985-07-01 00:00:00

  • Marginal structural Cox models for estimating the association between β-interferon exposure and disease progression in a multiple sclerosis cohort.

    abstract::Longitudinal observational data are required to assess the association between exposure to β-interferon medications and disease progression among relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the "real-world" clinical practice setting. Marginal structural Cox models (MSCMs) can provide distinct advantages ov...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwu125

    authors: Karim ME,Gustafson P,Petkau J,Zhao Y,Shirani A,Kingwell E,Evans C,van der Kop M,Oger J,Tremlett H

    更新日期:2014-07-15 00:00:00

  • Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: relation to sexual transmission.

    abstract::The authors tested, by molecular hybridization, for hepatitis B virus DNA in serum specimens of 182 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Greek carriers who were heterosexual partners of patients with acute hepatitis B (group A: 96 cases) or healthy subjects who were susceptible to hepatitis B (group B: 86 ...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114698

    authors: Tassopoulos NC,Papaevangelou GJ,Roumeliotou-Karayannis A,Ticehurst JR,Feinstone SM,Purcell RH

    更新日期:1987-10-01 00:00:00

  • Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on lung cancer mortality in the Asia-Pacific region.

    abstract::Cigarette smoking is becoming increasingly common in Asia while quitting remains rare, in part because of a lack of knowledge about the risks of smoking. This study compared the risk of death from lung cancer associated with smoking habits in Australia and New Zealand and in Asia by using data from the Asia Pacific Co...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwm002

    authors: Huxley R,Jamrozik K,Lam TH,Barzi F,Ansary-Moghaddam A,Jiang CQ,Suh I,Woodward M,Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration.

    更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00

  • Preterm delivery rates in North Carolina: are they really declining among non-Hispanic African Americans?

    abstract::The preterm delivery rate in North Carolina is consistently higher than the national average. However, recent reports suggest that singleton preterm delivery rates for non-Hispanic Whites are increasing while those for non-Hispanic African Americans are decreasing. To study this pattern further, the authors examined d...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwh011

    authors: Vahratian A,Buekens P,Bennett TA,Meyer RE,Kogan MD,Yu SM

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Parkinson's disease and residential exposure to maneb and paraquat from agricultural applications in the central valley of California.

    abstract::Evidence from animal and cell models suggests that pesticides cause a neurodegenerative process leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Human data are insufficient to support this claim for any specific pesticide, largely because of challenges in exposure assessment. The authors developed and validated an exposure assess...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/aje/kwp006

    authors: Costello S,Cockburn M,Bronstein J,Zhang X,Ritz B

    更新日期:2009-04-15 00:00:00

  • Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Birmingham, Alabama.

    abstract::Several studies have reported associations between airborne particles and/or ozone and hospital admissions for respiratory disease. This study examined whether such an association could be seen in Birmingham, Alabama, one of the few cities in the United States with daily monitoring of inhalable particles. Daily counts...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117048

    authors: Schwartz J

    更新日期:1994-03-15 00:00:00

  • Nested case-control study of lung cancer among chemical workers.

    abstract::A recent cohort mortality study of 19,608 male employees of a major Texas chemical production facility had suggested that they might be at higher risk of lung cancer compared with the male population of the United States or Texas but not with the male population of the five-county area in which they reside. An occupat...

    journal_title:American journal of epidemiology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114370

    authors: Bond GG,Flores GH,Shellenberger RJ,Cartmill JB,Fishbeck WA,Cook RR

    更新日期:1986-07-01 00:00:00