Abstract:
:In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the influence of sex on brain structure and function, and in relation, on the susceptibility, prevalence and response to treatment of psychiatric disorders. Most theories and descriptions of the effects of sex on the brain are dominated by an analogy to the current interpretation of the effects of sex on the reproductive system, according to which sex is a divergence system that exerts a unitary, overriding and serial effect on the form of other systems. We shortly summarize different lines of evidence that contradict aspects of this analogy. The new view that emerges from these data is of sex as a complex system whose different components interact with one another and with other systems to affect body and brain. The paradigm shift that this understanding calls for is from thinking of sex in terms of sexual dimorphism and sex differences, to thinking of sex in terms of its interactions with other factors and processes. Our review of data obtained from animal models of psychopathology clearly reveals the need for such a paradigmatic shift, because in the field of animal behaviour whether a sex difference exists and its direction depend on the interaction of many factors including, species, strain, age, specific test employed and a multitude of environmental factors. We conclude by explaining how the new conceptualization can account for sex differences in psychopathology.
journal_name
Br J Pharmacoljournal_title
British journal of pharmacologyauthors
Joel D,Yankelevitch-Yahav Rdoi
10.1111/bph.12732subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-10-01 00:00:00pages
4620-35issue
20eissn
0007-1188issn
1476-5381journal_volume
171pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::1. To examine further the potentiation by endothelin-1 on the vascular response to sympathetic stimulation, we studied the isometric response of isolated segments, 2 mm long, from the rabbit central ear artery to electrical field stimulation (1-8 Hz), under different conditions, at 37 degrees C and during cooling (30 ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701324
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Interactions of bath-applied pentobarbitone and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on neurones in isolated superior cervical ganglia of the rat have been examined with intracellular microelectrodes. 2. Pentobarbitone itself (30 micrometer-1 mM) showed no clear or consistent GABA-like effects: changes in resting input c...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb07791.x
更新日期:1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Previous studies demonstrated that elevation of the extracellular calcium concentration during a prolonged exposure to a high concentration of carbachol reverses the staurosporine-induced decrease in the extent of endplate resensitization in voltage-clamped snake twitch fibres. The present studies were designed to ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13896.x
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tannins are a heterogeneous group of high MW, water-soluble, polyphenolic compounds, naturally present in cereals, leguminous seeds and, predominantly, in many fruits and vegetables, where they provide protection against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stressors. Tannins exert several pharmacological effects, inclu...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/bph.13630
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves induce local neurogenic inflammation; somatostatin exerts systemic anti-inflammatory actions presumably via sst4/sst1 receptors. This study investigates the effects of a high affinity, sst...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706876
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effects of methylflavonolamine hydrochloride (4'-methyl-7-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-flavone hydrochloride, MFA) were investigated and compared with verapamil and papaverine on rabbit isolated aortic strips, which were contracted by noradrenaline, calcium and potassium. 2. Pre-incubation for 25 min wi...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11637.x
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effects of (-)-baclofen, muscimol and phaclofen on endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from rat cortical slices, spinal cord slices and entire retinas were studied. 2. The spontaneous resting release of GABA from the three tissues was 3 to 6 pmol mg-1 wet wt 10 min-1. Depolarization of cortical sl...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb16869.x
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is now recognized as an active player in vascular homeostasis. The expansion of PVAT in obesity and its possible role in vascular dysfunction have attracted much interest. In terms of the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure, PVAT has been shown to release vasoactive mediat...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/bph.13767
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following the discovery of the first effective antiviral compound (idoxuridine) in 1959, nucleoside analogues, especially acyclovir (ACV) for the treatment of herpesvirus infections, have dominated antiviral therapy for several decades. However, ACV and similar acyclic nucleosides suffer from low aqueous solubility an...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706446
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification of secreted and transmembrane proteins, including many GPCRs such as chemokine receptors. Most chemokine receptors contain several potentially sulfated tyrosine residues in their extracellular N-terminal regions, the initial binding site for chemokine ligands. Su...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/bph.12455
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1 Endomorphin-1 and -2 (E-1/E-2) have been proposed as endogenous ligands for the mu-opioid receptor. The aims of this study are to characterize the binding of E-1/E-2 and the subsequent effects on cyclic AMP formation and [Ca2+]i levels in SH-SY5Y and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing endogenous and recomb...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702798
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Skeletal muscle is the predominant site for glucose disposal and fatty acid consumption. Emerging evidence indicates that the crosstalk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle is critical in maintaining insulin sensitivity and lipid homeostasis. The current study was designed to investigate wh...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/bph.14802
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. In order to assess the role of different ionic currents in hypoxia-induced action potential shortening, we investigated the effects of blockers of voltage-dependent and ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel on the membrane potential of hypoxic rabbit hearts and papillary muscles. The response to blocking of the inward rectifi...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14436.x
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transient expression in COS-7 cells of the recombinant human 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) h5-HT4(c) receptor isoform led to constitutive activity of the receptor. The 5-HT4 receptor antagonist 2-(cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidino)ethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate (ML10375) at 1 microM completely abolished the 5-HT (1 mi...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702163
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have recently shown that in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 11-keto boswellic acids (KBAs) induce Ca2+ mobilisation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Here we addressed the effects of BAs on central signalling pathways in human platelets and on various platelet functions. We found that beta-B...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706366
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Bicyclic compounds with potential thymoleptic properties (Lu-compounds) have recently become available, and their effects on the membrane pumps of the central and peripheral monoamine neurones have now been tested and compared with those of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs.2. Biochemical and histochemical in vivo...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb08299.x
更新日期:1969-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:(-)-Englerin A (EA) is a potent cytotoxic agent against renal carcinoma cells. It achieves its effects by activation of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)4/TRPC1 heteromeric channels. It is also an agonist at channels formed by the related protein, TRPC5. Here, we sought an EA analogue...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/bph.14128
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ionic mechanism underlying the effect of (-)-baclofen in the hippocampus was investigated using guinea-pig brain slices. (-)-Baclofen either perfused or applied directly by microiontophoresis hyperpolarized the membrane and decreased the membrane input resistance of pyramidal cells in a dose-dependent manner. The ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb17377.x
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. This study was done to characterize the influence of calcium channel blockade on renin secretion and renin gene expression in normal rats and rats with renovascular hypertension. To this end we studied the effects of the 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, amlodipine, on plasma renin activity and renal renin m-RNA leve...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15735.x
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::1 Noradrenaline and 28 imidazolidine (clonidine-like) and imidazoline (oxymetazoline-like) compounds with various phenyl ring substituents have been examined for their ability to inhibit responses to transmural stimulation and exogenous acetylcholine in ileal preparations from reserpine-treated guinea-pigs.2 The bathi...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb10429.x
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. We previously reported that substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) synergistically stimulate corneal epithelial wound healing in vitro and in vivo. We wished to identify which portion of the amino acid sequence of substance P might be responsible for this synergism. 2. Corneal epithelial migration was...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702550
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The Rho GTPase, Rac1, is involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain induced by malformation of dendritic spines in the spinal dorsal horn (sDH) neurons. In the present study, the contribution of spinal Rac1 to peripheral inflammatory pain was studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:Effects of s.c. ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/bph.13413
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Changes in cutaneous water loss were followed by continuously monitoring total body weight loss.2. Sweating was induced in normal subjects by raising the environmental temperature or by subjecting them to the emotional stress of mental arithmetic.3. Propranolol in a dosage of 0.15 mg/kg body weight intravenously ha...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08180.x
更新日期:1973-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Postsystolic wall thickening (PSWT) is part of thickening that occurs after end-systole and represents wasted effort as it does not contribute to ejection. The effects of antianginal drugs on PSWT remain to be established. We compared the effects on PSWT of two agents that reduce heart rate, the ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706996
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Positive allosteric modulation of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors could add a new dimension to the pharmacology and therapeutic approach to these receptors. The novel modulator NS9283 was therefore tested extensively. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:Effects of NS9283 were evaluated in vitro ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01989.x
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its stable analogues, alpha, beta-methylene-ATP and beta, gamma-methylene-ATP, on the efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves was tested in guinea-pig isolated atria. 2. Transmural nerve stimulation of atria isolated from ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09011.x
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating contractions of the smooth muscle in human prostatic urethra and branches of internal iliac artery were characterized in isometric contraction experiments. 2. Phenylephrine produced concentration-dependent contractions in both the urethra and artery. These responses were ...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17053.x
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:This paper is intended to assist pharmacologists to make the most of statistical analysis and in avoid common errors. APPROACH:A scenario is presented where an experimenter performed an experiment to test the effects of two drugs on cultured cells. Analysis of the results, expressed as percentag...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707372
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::1 The binding of [3H]-muscimol, a potent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, to crude membrane preparations of bovine retina was studied, using a filtration method to isolate membrane-bound ligand. 2 Specific binding was found to be saturable and occurred at two binding sites with affinity constants of 4....
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1980.tb10934.x
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The iodine-containing contrast medium iopanoic acid induces alterations of thyroid hormone metabolism comparable to those observed with the iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone. Both compounds inhibit the intracellular conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). Using iopanoic acid, the question...
journal_title:British journal of pharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10217.x
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00