Molecular approaches to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

abstract：:Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the United States and in much of the world in recent years and decades. The factors underlying this increase are incompletely understood and are undoubtedly complex. A question that drives current research is whether life expectancy can be further extended using current kn...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Sierra F,Hadley E,Suzman R,Hodes R

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following the "finished," euchromatic, haploid human reference genome sequence, the rapid development of novel, faster, and cheaper sequencing technologies is making possible the era of personalized human genomics. Personal diploid human genome sequences have been generated, and each has contributed to our better unde...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Gonzaga-Jauregui C,Lupski JR,Gibbs RA

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Significant progress has been made in identifying changes in cholinergic, monoaminergic, and peptidergic neurotransmitter systems in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, neurobiological approaches are beginning to reveal the relationships between these neurotransmitter abnormalities and histol...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Price DL,Whitehouse PJ,Struble RG

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart disease characterized by fibrofatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium, a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias, and progressive ventricular dysfunction. The clinical course is highly variable, and optimal approaches to management remai...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： James CA,Calkins H

更新日期：2019-01-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatitis E has a worldwide distribution and causes substantial morbidity and mortality in some developing countries, particularly among pregnant women. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently been cloned and sequenced and new diagnostic tests have been developed; these tests have been used to begin to characterize the n...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Mast EE,Krawczynski K

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past several years a combination of diverse steps has culminated in a significant improvement in our ability to save ischemic extremities. Encompassing all phases of vascular surgery, these advances in diagnosis, therapy, and long-term management are outlined. These and future improvements hold promise for ex...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Abbott WM,Meier GH

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The familial nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (FMEN) has been recognized for some time but little is known about their cause. Recent application of new molecular techniques has mapped FMEN syndromes to specific chromosomes and provided evidence for the mechanism through which neoplasia occurs. In this ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Nanes MS,Catherwood BD

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The incretin-based therapies, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, are important new classes of therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These agents prolong the action of the incretin hormones, GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), by inhibi...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： White WB,Baker WL

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes, with azurophilic granules in their cytoplasm, that have spontaneous cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and some normal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. When lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Herberman RB

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Airway hyperresponsiveness to a large number of stimuli is a characteristic of asthma in humans. Various components of the tracheobronchial tree might contribute to this characteristic, such as smooth muscle, the bronchial epithelium, various neurohumoral mechanisms, and the mechanical linkages between the lung parenc...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Ingram RH Jr

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diastolic dysfunction is an important cause of the clinical syndrome of congestive heart failure. Traditionally, the syndrome of pulmonary congestion due to the elevation of left heart filling pressure has been attributed to the depressed ability of the heart to eject blood during systole, with a secondary increase in...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Lorell BH

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Until recently, platelet production was the least understood aspect of blood cell development. This gap in our understanding resulted from the scarcity of megakaryocytes, the marrow precursor of blood platelets, and from confusion surrounding the cytokines and hormones that support their development. The recent clonin...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Kaushansky K

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiac late potentials are observed by using a high-resolution, computer-processed ECG that can detect very low-level signals not seen with standard ECG techniques. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that patients with low-level signals after the QRS complexes (late potentials) are at much higher risk of ven...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Berbari EJ,Lazzara R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This brief review highlights the rise in asthma mortality witnessed in many countries. It outlines the multifactorial character of this phenomenon, which in most instances is a complex interplay between physician, patient, and environment. The pathophysiology of airflow obstruction and in particular the role of hyperi...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： FitzGerald JM,Macklem P

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a recently recognized autosomal-recessive trait characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, impaired pus formation and wound healing, and abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence-dependent functions of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid cells. Features of this diseas...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Anderson DC,Springer TA

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most significant complication of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in uremia is the development of osteitis fibrosa cystica. The hormone also appears to play a role in soft-tissue and organ calcification, metabolic abnormalities (glucose, lipids), and electroencephalographic changes seen in uremic patients...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Klahr S,Slatopolsky E

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity is perhaps the most significant public health problem facing the United States today. Obese patients are at increased risk for numerous medical problems, which can adversely affect surgical outcome. However, these risks have not uniformly translated into increased or prohibitive operative morbidity and mortali...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Flancbaum L,Choban PS

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Invasive electrophysiologic studies are used to guide drug and non-pharmacologic therapy, including surgery, in patients with ventricular tachycardia. We discuss the indications, methods, and results of electrophysiologic studies in these patients. Both catheter and intraoperative studies are described. This approach ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Freedman RA,Anderson KP,Mason JW

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All potent CNS depressant drugs can depress cardiac function in man in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-effect curve is considerably flatter with several drugs (diethyl ether, cyclopropane, fluroxene, isoflurane, and ketamine), presumably from sympathetic nervous-system activation. Potent analgesics and tranquilizers...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Merin RG

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The basis of the current treatment of rectal cancer is a radical total mesorectal excision of the rectum, and although this provides excellent oncological control, it is associated with morbidity and functional problems in cancer survivors. Organ-preservation alternatives are local excision alone for very early tumors...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Beets GL,Figueiredo NF,Beets-Tan RG

更新日期：2017-01-14 00:00:00

abstract：:It is now well recognized that the atherosclerotic plaques responsible for thrombus formation are not necessarily those that impinge most on the lumen of the vessel. Nevertheless, clinical investigations for atherosclerosis still focus on quantifying the degree of stenosis caused by plaques. Many of the features assoc...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Owen DR,Lindsay AC,Choudhury RP,Fayad ZA

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eccrine sweat is produced by millions of miniscule glands buried in the skin. Eccrine sweating from the general body surface is an extremely important function in human thermoregulation; disturbances either in the control of sweating activity or in the glands themselves can result in problems ranging from minor social...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Quinton PM

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:IgG subclasses represent distinct immunoglobulin types, each defined by unique primary structures of the constant region of the heavy-chain molecule, and each with characteristic biological and functional properties. New methods and reagents to measure serum concentrations have contributed to the study of the ontogeny...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Ochs HD,Wedgwood RJ

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs with important functions in development, cell differentiation, and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. MiRNA expression is deregulated in cancer by a variety of mechanisms including amplification, deletion, mutation, and epigenetic silencing. Several studies have now sh...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Garzon R,Calin GA,Croce CM

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of genetically determined diseases characterized by abnormal fragility of the skin and mucosa. In this chapter, we review current thinking about classification, pathogenesis, and molecular genetics, and we discuss management guidelines. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Lin AN,Carter DM

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin formation by cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2. NSAIDs selective for inhibition of COX-2 are less likely than traditional drugs to cause serious gastrointestinal adverse effects, but predispose to adverse cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, myocar...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Grosser T,Yu Y,Fitzgerald GA

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Circadian rhythms are major features of adaptation to our environment. In mammals, circadian rhythms are generated and regulated by a circadian timing system. This system consists of entertainment pathways, pacemakers, and pace-maker output to effector systems that are under circadian control. The primary entertainmen...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Moore RY

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The intestinal immune system has the challenge of maintaining both a state of tolerance toward intestinal antigens and the ability to combat pathogens. This balance is partially achieved by reciprocal regulation of proinflammatory, effector CD4(+) T cells and tolerizing, suppressive regulatory T cells. Inflammatory bo...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Abraham C,Cho JH

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A viral reservoir is a cell type or anatomical site in association with which a replication-competent form of the virus accumulates and persists with more stable kinetic properties than the main pool of actively replicating virus. This article reviews several cell types and anatomical sites proposed as potential reser...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Blankson JN,Persaud D,Siliciano RF

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The foregoing summarizes what can be learned from a carefully performed antiglobulin test using specific antisera. Clinical syndromes can be more easily considered, and mechanisms of destruction can be more certainly discerned. ...

journal_title：Annual review of medicine

authors： Rosse WF

更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00