Abstract：
:This paper reviews the application of epidemiological understanding of diarrhoeal disease to interventions in water and sanitation. Over the past 20 years, great efforts have been made to elucidate the relationships between water supply, sanitation and diarrhoeal disease. At the outset, it was hoped that improved understanding of these relations could provide a rational framework for the planning of public health engineering interventions. This paper also reviews historical and recent perceptions of water, sanitation, and diarrhoeal disease, and summarizes progress to date. On the one hand, some fundamental ideas about the relative importance of water quality and quantity in the transmission of diarrhoeal disease have changed, and there is increased recognition of the complex interrelationships between interventions, hygiene behaviour and health. On the other hand, our understanding of the impact of interventions is painfully incomplete, and is unlikely to improve dramatically in the near future. While further research can usefully illustrate a variety of interactions in specific contexts, globally applicable planning guidelines and design criteria appear a dangerous will-o'-the-wisp. While we know more than ever before about water, sanitation and diarrhoea, much remains unknown, and is perhaps unknowable.
journal_name
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygauthors
Kolsky PJdoi
10.1016/0035-9203(93)90537-zsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-12-01 00:00:00pages
43-6eissn
0035-9203issn
1878-3503journal_volume
87 Suppl 3pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Algeria where two forms have been previously described, the sporadic form caused by Leishmania infantum in the north and the cutaneous form caused by L. major in central and southern parts of the country. During 2005, a CL outbreak occurred in the province of Ghardaïa, locate...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.013
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:More than 95% of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in Latin America occur in Brazil, most of them in the northeast. The objective of this study was to identify spatial clusters with the highest risks of VL and to analyse the temporal behaviour of the incidence and the effects of social vulnerability on the d...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/trstmh/traa024
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:ELISA AND IFAT have been applied to the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and the levels of leishmanial antibody detected by Leishmania donovani antigens in both tests have been compared. From the results it appears that ELISA is a little more sensitive than IFAT, but IFAT seems to be more specifi...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(79)90084-1
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The extent of cryptic leishmaniasis in blood donors from a Spanish endemic area, (Eivissa Island) was studied using various immunological and parasitological methods. Sera from 656 blood donors were analysed: 16 (2.4%) were positive by ELISA and 50 (7.6%) by Western blot. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0035-9203(03)00015-4
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Between 1986 and 1993 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was diagnosed in 50 adult patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (8 females, 42 males: 31 intravenous drug users, 11 homosexual or bisexual men, 6 heterosexual individuals, 2 blood recipients) from 5 hospital centres in southern France. Dia...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(95)90476-x
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this experiment was to assess the utility of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for diagnosis of giardiasis in archaeological human remains. The kit, a monoclonal antibody assay, is used to detect the presence of Giardia-specific antigen 65 (GSA65) in human faeces. ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90337-8
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although known for many years, non-filarial elephantiasis remains a public health problem in tropical Africa, including the farming community of Ethiopia. The problem may be exacerbated in women who shoulder most of the burden of agricultural labour in the countryside. The intention of this brief review is to emphasis...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.08.001
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To present the long-term outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) patients. METHODS:An observational study of 291 MDR TB cases that were diagnosed from 1990 to 2011 at the Fukujuji Hospital in Japan. RESULTS:The frequency of relapse after cure was 3/168 (1.8%) during a mean follow-up of 4.4 year...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/trstmh/tru080
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An evaluation of the performance of the Kersey Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre in Nigeria was undertaken with particular focus on mortality, rate of weight gain, and the management strategy. During 1987-1991 the total number of admissions for protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) was 803. The age group most commonly repre...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(94)90177-5
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In urbanized, low-income cities with high rates of congestion, delivery of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) by unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to people with epilepsy for both emergency and non-urgent distribution may prove beneficial. METHODS:Conakry is the capital of the Republic of Guinea, a low-income sub-S...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/trstmh/trz131
更新日期：2020-04-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of 27 patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and six with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) in Sudan are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of amastigotes in bone-marrow in 20 cases with VL (80%) and impression smears in 2 cases with ML. The en...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(91)90220-s
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A seroepidemiological and clinical study was performed in an area of West Africa (The Gambia) where Plasmodium falciparum is endemic with seasonal transmission. Plasma samples were tested by intermediate gel immunoelectrophoresis for antibodies against 7 soluble P. falciparum antigens. There were marked differences in...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(91)90141-k
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The origin of illness and pathology in malaria is now largely attributed to high levels of circulating tumour necrosis factor (TNF), released from cells of macrophage lineage after triggering by the products of malarial schizogony. The role of lymphocytes and their products in malarial pathology is not yet known. This...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(92)90144-2
更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune responsiveness of schistosomiasis patients was assayed longitudinally, before and for two years after chemotherapeutic treatment with praziquantel, by in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferation upon exposure to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations from e...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(86)90268-3
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Actinomycotic liver abscess was diagnosed in a 35-year-old alcoholic farmer from southern India with tender hepatomegaly and fever. CT of the abdomen revealed three coalescing hypodense lesions in the liver. The causative organism could be demonstrated on direct microscopy and cultured from the pus. Treatment with i.v...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.06.004
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Central nervous system involvement due to toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent host is very rare. We report a case of an immunocompetent patient who presented with suspected tuberculous meningoencephalitis but showed no clinical response to antitubercular therapy. Later, toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis was proved by po...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.06.017
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A prospective seroepidemiological survey for latent congenital toxoplasmosis was carried out among 4,136 women and 3,787 of their offspring in and around Montreal. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used to titrate specific IgG and IgM antibodies and results were standardized in international units. The ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(77)90080-3
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dog infected with Brugia pahangi is an excellent model for studying the clinical and immunological pathogenesis of lymphatic filarial infection and disease. Dogs demonstrated a range of clinical changes including varying levels of microfilaraemia, episodic lymphadenopathy, lymphangitis, and limb oedema similar to ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(89)90394-5
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sera of 173 individuals living in a malaria endemic region in Upper Volta (Donsé village) were screened for the presence of 14 auto-antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescent and/or passive haemagglutination techniques. At least one auto-antibody (AAb) was detected in sera of 72% (124 out of 173) subjects. No differ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(83)90064-0
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interest in medicinal plants has increased in recent years. This article examines the history of medicinal plant research through a case study of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) over the past 100 years. Papers published by members of the School and documents in the School archives show a flu...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.017
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cross-sectional entomological surveys were carried out during the 2006 dry and rainy seasons in Lagdo, Cameroon to measure the impact of rice cultivation on malaria transmission and to monitor vector susceptibility to insecticides. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were captured on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray co...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.12.010
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malaria remains an important health problem in Bangladesh, with approximately 14 million people at risk. Antimalarial drug resistance is a major obstacle to the control of malaria in endemic countries. In 2012, Bangladesh reported an estimated 29 522 malaria episodes, of which 94% were reported as being caused by Plas...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/trstmh/trt088
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:34 patients with tetanus were studied; all had normal serum proteins and albumin. Only 3 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained cells (a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes). Protein levels in the CSF were elevated in 26 patients (76.5%); 11 cases with clinically mild tetanus had a mean CSF protein of 400 +/- 250...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(90)90053-h
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper reports the isolation and characterization of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid clone showing sequence homology with genes coding for the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma (EF-1 gamma). The clone encodes an open reading frame of 404 amino acids corresponding to a deduced molecular mass of 46.2 kDa. D...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90050-7
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are few reports of parasitic disease prevalence in the Dominican Republic. The most recent study was that by Mackie et al. (1951). Examination of purged specimens from individuals employed by two sugar plantations demonstrated generally high prevalences of a number of helminths and protozoans. We report here the...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(81)90196-6
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice immunized with purified antigen preparations produced in Escherichia coli and containing the glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme of Schistosoma japonicum (Sj26) can be partially resistant to infection with this parasite. Maximum resistance was approximately 50% and no protection was obtained in BALB/c mice,...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(88)90027-2
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Hospital-acquired complications (HACs) contribute to increased morbidity, mortality and hospital costs. However, their burden is often overlooked in resource-limited settings. We sought to determine the incidence, risk factors and effects of HACs on direct medical costs. METHODS:This was a prospective cohor...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/trstmh/traa116
更新日期：2020-11-18 00:00:00
abstract：:There is an urgent need for a non-toxic and low-cost treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. We synthesised and tested in vivo an amphotericin B-poly(methacrylic acid) drug (AmB-PMA) that had previously shown in-vitro activity against Leishmania major and L. donovani parasites. Efficacy was determined using L. major fo...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.08.010
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chloroquine can no longer be recommended as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in several parts of Africa because of the increasing prevalence of chloroquine resistance. However, chloroquine was a highly effective treatment for malaria not only because of its ability to kill parasites quickly but also ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0035-9203(98)90962-2
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency surveys in Afghan refugees and a local community in the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, showed that this trait was most common among Pathan and Uzbak refugees (15.8% and 9.1% respectively). The prevalence among Pakistani Pathans was 7.0%, and that in Tajik ...
journal_title：Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0035-9203(95)90661-4
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
