Abstract:
:1. A task was used by Posner (1980) to measure shifts of attention that occurred covertly, in the absence of an eye movement or other orienting response. This paradigm was used here to assess the nature of covert attentional orienting in monkeys to develop an animal model for neurophysiological studies. Shifts of attention were measurable in monkeys and were consistent across a variety of experimental conditions. 2. The paradigm required that monkeys fixate and release a bar at the appearance of a target, which was preceded by a cue. Reaction times to targets that followed peripheral cues at the same location (validly cued) were significantly faster than those that followed cues in the opposite visual field (invalidly cued). This difference was defined as the validity effect, which as in humans, is used as the measure of a covert attentional shift. 3. When the proportion of validly to invalidly cued targets was decreased, no change was seen in the validity effect of the monkeys. This is in contrast to humans, for whom the ratio of validly to invalidly cued targets affected the magnitude of the validity effect. When 80% of the targets were preceded by cues at the same location, the validity effect was greatest. The effect was reversed when the proportions were reversed. From this result, it is concluded that cognitive processes can affect covert orienting to peripheral cues in humans, whereas in trained monkeys, performance was automatic. 4. To test whether cognitive influences on attention could be demonstrated in the monkey, an animal was taught to use symbolic, foveal signals to covertly direct attention. The magnitude of this validity effect was greater than that obtained with peripheral cues. 5. The effects of motivational and perceptual processes were tested. Although overall reaction times could be modified, the facilitating effects of the cues persisted. This constancy across motivational and perceptual levels supports the notion that the monkeys were performing the task in an automatic way, under the exogenous control of peripheral cues. 6. Most visual cuing has been tested with visual landmarks at the locations of cues and targets. These monkeys were trained with such landmarks, and when tested without them, the attentional effect of the cues was nearly abolished. These data suggest that local visual features can be important for covert orienting. 7. To determine the spatial extent of the effect of the cue, monkeys and humans were tested with four cue-target distances (0-60 degrees).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
Bowman EM,Brown VJ,Kertzman C,Schwarz U,Robinson DLdoi
10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.431subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-07-01 00:00:00pages
431-43issue
1eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598journal_volume
70pub_type
杂志文章abstract::It has been shown that tetanic stimulation of area 2 of the somatosensory cortex produces long-term potentiation in neurons in area 4gamma, and this has been suggested as the basis of learning new motor skills. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the characteristics of this projection by the use of evok...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3107
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Smooth pursuit eye movements are driven by retinal motion signals. These retinal motion signals are converted into motor commands that obey Listing's law (i.e., no accumulation of ocular torsion). The fact that smooth pursuit follows Listing's law is often taken as evidence that no explicit reference frame transformat...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1152/jn.00728.2009
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. In the present three-part study electrophysiological techniques were used to characterize responses of afferent fibers in the rat hypogastric nerve to mechanical or chemical stimulation of the uterus, and anatomical techniques were used to identify the spinal segments through which uterine afferent fibers enter the...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1988.59.1.142
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To perform goal-oriented hand movement, humans combine multiple sensory signals (e.g., vision and proprioception) that can be encoded in various reference frames (body centered and/or exo-centered). In a previous study (Tagliabue M, McIntyre J. PLoS One 8: e68438, 2013), we showed that, when aligning a hand to a remem...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00140.2017
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whenever the eyes move, spatial attention must keep track of the locations of targets as they shift on the retina. This study investigated transsaccadic updating of visual attention to cued targets. While observers prepared a saccade, we flashed an irrelevant, but salient, color cue in their visual periphery and measu...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00656.2012
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cutaneous reflexes evoked in the muscles of the arms with electrical stimulation of nerves of the foot ("interlimb reflexes") are observed during walking. These reflexes have been suggested to coordinate the actions of the legs and arms when walking is disturbed. Recently, we showed that cutaneous reflexes evoked in t...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00746.2006
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) on rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN) putative parvocellular neurons using whole cell patch-clamp recordings and single-cell reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (single-cell RT-mPCR) techniques. Under c...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01325.2004
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. We studied the receptive fields of 171 striate cortical neurons from 17 cats raised with binocular lid suture. Of these, 102 fields were within 10 degrees of the area centralis and the remaining 69 were at least 38 degrees from the vertical meridian. 2. Based on their different response properties, cells were divid...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1978.41.2.322
更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons in the primate extrastriate cortex are highly selective for complex stimulus features such as faces, objects, and motion patterns. One explanation for this selectivity is that neurons in these areas carry out sophisticated computations on the outputs of lower-level areas such as primary visual cortex (V1), whe...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00654.2009
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cacna1a encodes the pore-forming α1A subunit of CaV2.1 voltage-dependent calcium channels, which regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Purkinje cells in the cortex of cerebellum abundantly express these CaV2.1 channels. Here, we show that homozygous tottering (tg) mice, which carry a loss-of-functi...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00578.2020
更新日期:2020-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies conducted in our laboratory have suggested that the tongue primary motor cortex (i.e., tongue-MI) plays a critical role in the control of voluntary tongue movements in the primate. However, the possible involvement of tongue-MI in semiautomatic tongue movements, such as those in swallowing, remains unkn...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1516
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons constituting the pacemaker of circadian rhythms, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, generate spontaneous firing patterns that change across the day-night cycle. Their average spontaneous firing rate is considered an important functional marker of clock activity because it is highest during daytime and low...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.4.1811
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the oscillatory circuits known as central pattern generators (CPGs), most synaptic connections are inhibitory. We have assessed the effects of inhibitory synaptic input on the dynamic behavior of a component neuron of the pyloric CPG in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Experimental perturbations were applied to...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.115
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have described maturational changes in GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rodent somatosensory cortex during the early postnatal period. To determine whether alterations in the functional properties of synaptically localized GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) contribute to development of inh...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3286
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper compares the activity of hindlimb motor units from muscles mainly composed of fast-twitch muscle fibers (medial and lateral gastrocnemius: MG/LG, tibialis anterior: TA) to motor units from a muscle mainly composed of slow-twitch muscle fibers (soleus: SOL) during unrestrained walking in the conscious rat. S...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.2002
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some neurons in early visual cortex are highly selective for the position of oriented edges in their receptive fields (simple cells), whereas others are largely position insensitive (complex cells). These characteristics are reflected in their sensitivity to the spatial phase of moving sine-wave gratings: simple cell ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00539.2014
更新日期:2015-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::1. R2 and LPl1 are homologous giant cholinergic neurons in the nervous system of Aplysia with overlapping and almost symmetrical axonal trees extending over most of the body wall. In spite of much experimental study, the behavioral role of the cells has remained unknown. 2. After intrasomatic injection of R2 and LPl1 ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1983.49.4.864
更新日期:1983-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. We investigated the effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor activation on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the soma and dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured using confocal imaging simultaneously with whole-cell recording techniques. Differences in [...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1994.72.1.471
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spider VS-3 slit-sense organ contains two types of primary mechanoreceptor neurons that are morphologically similar but have different electrical behavior. Type A neurons fire only one or two action potentials in response to a mechanical or electrical step of any amplitude above the threshold, whereas type B neuro...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00440.2001
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Properties of nucleus incertus (NIC) neurons projecting to the cerebellar flocculus were studied in alert cats by using chronic unit and eye movement recording and antidromic activation. Projection of these neurons onto the flocculus was verified with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase after injections ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1367
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracellular single-unit recordings were used to characterize responses of thalamic barreloid and cortical barrel neurons to controlled whisker deflections in 2, 3-, and 4-wk-old and adult rats in vivo under fentanyl analgesia. Results indicate that response properties of thalamic and cortical neurons diverge during ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01063.2007
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although T-type Ca(2+) channels in the reticular thalamic nucleus (nRT) have a central function in tuning neuronal excitability and are implicated in sensory processing, sleep, and epilepsy, the mechanisms involved in their regulation are poorly understood. Here we recorded T-type Ca(2+) currents from intact nRT neuro...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00926.2006
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mutual inhibition between the GABAergic cells of the thalamic reticular nucleus (RTN) is important in regulating oscillations in the thalamocortical network, promoting those in the spindle range of frequencies over those at lower frequencies. Excitatory inputs to the RTN from the cerebral cortex are numerically large ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00624.2003
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In big brown bats, tone-specific plastic changes [best frequency (BF) shifts] of cortical and collicular neurons can be evoked by auditory fear conditioning, repetitive acoustic stimuli or cortical electric stimulation. It has been shown that acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in evoking large long-term corti...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00112.2005
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cross-orientation suppression was measured in human primary visual cortex (V1) to test the normalization model. Subjects viewed vertical target gratings (of varying contrasts) with or without a superimposed horizontal mask grating (fixed contrast). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the ac...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00540.2011
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurons integrate subthreshold inputs in a frequency-dependent manner. For sinusoidal stimuli, response amplitudes thus vary with stimulus frequency. Neurons in entorhinal cortex show two types of such resonance behavior: stellate cells in layer II exhibit a prominent peak in the resonance profile at stimulus frequenc...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01116.2003
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) enables noninvasive neurophysiological investigation of the human cortex. A TMS paradigm of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is characterized by attenuation of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) and modulation of N100 of the TMS-evoke...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00260.2016
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visual and motor properties of single neurons of monkey ventral premotor cortex (area F5) were studied in a behavioral paradigm consisting of four conditions: object grasping in light, object grasping in dark, object fixation, and fixation of a spot of light. The employed objects were six different three-dimensional (...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.4.2226
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine D1/5 receptors modulate long- and short-term neuronal plasticity that may contribute to cognitive functions. Synergistic to synaptic strength modulation, direct postsynaptic D1/5 receptor activation also modulates voltage-dependent ionic currents that regulate spike firing, thus alteri...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00317.2006
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioral and physiological characteristics of standing were studied in nontrained spinal cats and in spinal cats that received daily stand training of the hindlimbs for 12 wk. Training consisted of assisting the cats to stand with full weight support either on both hindlimbs or on one hindlimb (30 min/day, 5 days/wk...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.83
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00