Evaluation of inherent gray-level dynamic range in a digital image using the runs test and join-count statistics.

Abstract:

:The dynamic range of the gray level of a digital image is limited by the noise it contains. Two statistical methods called "runs test" and "join-count statistic" are used to measure the noise level in a digital image. A residual image is formed by subtracting an original image from its smoothed version. Theoretically, the noise level in the residual image should be identical to that in the original image. The noise level is determined by examining each bit plane of the residual image individually starting from the least significant bit up to the bit plane whose statistic does not show a random pattern. Images from three digital modalities: computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, and computed radiography are used to evaluate the gray-level dynamic range. Both methods are easy to implement and fast to perform.

journal_name

Med Phys

journal_title

Medical physics

authors

Chuang KS,Huang HK

doi

10.1118/1.597058

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1993-01-01 00:00:00

pages

39-45

issue

1

eissn

0094-2405

issn

2473-4209

journal_volume

20

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Determination of the reference air kerma rate for 192Ir brachytherapy sources and the related uncertainty.

    abstract::Different methods exist to determine the air kerma calibration factor of an ionization chamber for the spectrum of a 192Ir high-dose-rate (HDR) or pulsed-dose-rate (PDR) source. An analysis of two methods to obtain such a calibration factor was performed: (i) the method recommended by [Goetsch et al., Med. Phys. 18, 4...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.1791352

    authors: van Dijk E,Kolkman-Deurloo IK,Damen PM

    更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00

  • A study of effective attenuation coefficient for calculating tissue compensator thickness.

    abstract::Dose uniformity throughout the treatment volume is essential to precision radiation therapy. Tissue compensators are often used as a means to eliminate dose nonuniformity resulting from surface contour irregularities. This paper evaluates the accuracy of using an effective attenuation coefficient for calculating the t...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.596561

    authors: Bagne FR,Samsami N,Hoke SW,Bronn DG

    更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00

  • Definition of parameters for quality assurance of flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams in radiation therapy.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Flattening filter free (FFF) beams generated by medical linear accelerators have recently started to be used in radiotherapy clinical practice. Such beams present fundamental differences with respect to the standard filter flattened (FF) beams, making the generally used dosimetric parameters and definitions not...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.4754799

    authors: Fogliata A,Garcia R,Knoos T,Nicolini G,Clivio A,Vanetti E,Khamphan C,Cozzi L

    更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00

  • Radiation dose to the lungs from ventilation studies with 133Xe.

    abstract::The radiation dose to the lungs from 133Xe in lung air is directly proportional to the time integral of 133Xe concentration; i.e., the cumulated concentration in the lungs. Using kinetic models developed to fit clinical observations, we have studied the effect of retention on cumulated concentration in lung air. The m...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.594341

    authors: Watson EE,Cloutier RJ

    更新日期:1977-11-01 00:00:00

  • Comparison of an amorphous silicon/cesium iodide flat-panel digital chest radiography system with screen/film and computed radiography systems--a contrast-detail phantom study.

    abstract::Flat-panel (FP) based digital radiography systems have recently been introduced as a new and improved digital radiography technology; it is important to evaluate and compare this new technology with currently widely used conventional screen/film (SF) and computed radiography (CR) techniques. In this study, the low-con...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.1408620

    authors: Rong XJ,Shaw CC,Liu X,Lemacks MR,Thompson SK

    更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00

  • Validation for 2D/3D registration. I: A new gold standard data set.

    abstract:PURPOSE:In this article, the authors propose a new gold standard data set for the validation of two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) and 3D/3D image registration algorithms. METHODS:A gold standard data set was produced using a fresh cadaver pig head with attached fiducial markers. The authors used several imagin...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.3553402

    authors: Pawiro SA,Markelj P,Pernus F,Gendrin C,Figl M,Weber C,Kainberger F,Nöbauer-Huhmann I,Bergmeister H,Stock M,Georg D,Bergmann H,Birkfellner W

    更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00

  • Dose enhancement in radiotherapy of small lung tumors using inline magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo based planning study.

    abstract:PURPOSE:To report on significant dose enhancement effects caused by magnetic fields aligned parallel to 6 MV photon beam radiotherapy of small lung tumors. Findings are applicable to future inline MRI-guided radiotherapy systems. METHODS:A total of eight clinical lung tumor cases were recalculated using Monte Carlo me...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.4938580

    authors: Oborn BM,Ge Y,Hardcastle N,Metcalfe PE,Keall PJ

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Bremsstrahlung production at 50 MeV in different target materials and configurations.

    abstract::A combination of Monte Carlo, convolution, and experimental techniques have been used to investigate bremsstrahlung production at 50 MeV in full-range targets to produce narrow elementary photon beams for scanning. Calculations using the ITS 3.0 Monte Carlo system for various target designs, including particle transpo...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.597681

    authors: Sätherberg A,Andreo P,Karlsson M

    更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00

  • Calibration of a scintillation dosemeter for beta rays using an extrapolation ionization chamber.

    abstract::A scintillation dosemeter is calibrated for 90Sr/90Y beta rays from an ophthalmic applicator, using an extrapolation ionization chamber as a reference instrument. The calibration factor for the scintillation dosemeter agrees with that given by the manufacturer of the dosemeter within ca. 2%. The estimated overall unce...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.1709490

    authors: Hakanen AT,Sipilä PM,Kosunen A

    更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of a new multileaf collimator concept using GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations.

    abstract::The aim of the work was to investigate in advance the dosimetric properties of a new multileaf collimator (MLC) concept with the help of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations prior to the production of a prototype. The geometrical design of the MLC was implemented in the MC code GEANT4. For the simulation of a 6 MV treatment b...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.2181298

    authors: Tacke MB,Szymanowski H,Oelfke U,Schulze C,Nuss S,Wehrwein E,Leidenberger S

    更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00

  • Air core detectors for Cerenkov-free scintillation dosimetry of brachytherapy β-sources.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Plastic scintillation detectors are used for dosimetry in small radiation fields with high dose gradients, e.g., provided by β-emitting sources like 106 Ru/106 Rh eye plaques. A drawback is a background signal caused by Cerenkov radiation generated by electrons passing the optical fibers (light guides) of this ...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/mp.12374

    authors: Eichmann M,Thomann B

    更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00

  • Use of local noise power spectrum and wavelet analysis in quantitative image quality assurance for EPIDs.

    abstract:PURPOSE:To investigate the use of local noise power spectrum (NPS) to characterize image noise and wavelet analysis to isolate defective pixels and inter-subpanel flat-fielding artifacts for quantitative quality assurance (QA) of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs). METHODS:A total of 93 image sets including cus...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.4959541

    authors: Lee S,Yan G,Bassett P,Gopal A,Samant S

    更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00

  • Gold nanoparticle enhanced proton therapy: A Monte Carlo simulation of the effects of proton energy, nanoparticle size, coating material, and coating thickness on dose and radiolysis yield.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Radiosensitizer enhanced radiotherapy provides the possibility of improved treatment outcomes by preferentially increasing the effectiveness of radiation within the tumor. Proton therapy offers improved sparing of tissue distal of the tumor along the beam path and reduced integral dose compared to conventional ...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/mp.13923

    authors: Peukert D,Kempson I,Douglass M,Bezak E

    更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00

  • False-positive reduction in CAD mass detection using a competitive classification strategy.

    abstract::High false-positive (FP) rate remains to be one of the major problems to be solved in CAD study because too many false-positively cued signals will potentially degrade the performance of detecting true-positive regions and increase the call-back rate in CAD environment. In this paper, we proposed a novel classificatio...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.1344203

    authors: Li L,Zheng Y,Zhang L,Clark RA

    更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00

  • An in-vivo investigation of the therapeutic effect of pulsed focused ultrasound on tumor growth.

    abstract:PURPOSE:High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been investigated for ablative therapy and drug enhancement for gene therapy and chemotherapy. The aim of this work is to explore the feasibility of pulsed focused ultrasound (pFUS) for cancer therapy using an in vivo animal model. METHODS:A clinical HIFU system (In...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.4901352

    authors: Ma CM,Chen X,Cvetkovic D,Chen L

    更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00

  • Novel scintillation detector design and performance for proton radiography and computed tomography.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Proton computed tomography (pCT) will enable accurate prediction of proton and ion range in a patient while providing the benefit of lower radiation exposure than in x-ray CT. The accuracy of the range prediction is essential for treatment planning in proton or ion therapy and depends upon the detector used to ...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.4939255

    authors: Bashkirov VA,Schulte RW,Hurley RF,Johnson RP,Sadrozinski HF,Zatserklyaniy A,Plautz T,Giacometti V

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Fast internal marker tracking algorithm for onboard MV and kV imaging systems.

    abstract::Intrafraction organ motion can limit the advantage of highly conformal dose techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) due to target position uncertainty. To ensure high accuracy in beam targeting, real-time knowledge of the target location is highly desired throughout the beam delivery process. T...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.2905225

    authors: Mao W,Wiersma RD,Xing L

    更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00

  • Deconvolution techniques for removing the effects of chemical shift in 19F nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorocarbon compounds.

    abstract::Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions and neat liquids has shown potential for in vivo oxygen imaging in blood and organ tissue. PFC compounds exhibit complicated NMR spectra caused by chemical shifts and spin-spin couplings which can lead to artifacts and degraded spatial resolut...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.595960

    authors: Busse LJ,Thomas SR,Pratt RG,Clark LC Jr,Ackerman JL,Samaratunga RC,Hoffmann RE

    更新日期:1986-07-01 00:00:00

  • A multi-institutional study to assess adherence to lung stereotactic body radiotherapy planning goals.

    abstract:PURPOSE:A multi-institutional planning study was performed to evaluate the frequency that current guidelines established by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) protocols and other literature for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatments are followed. METHODS:A total of 300 patients receiving lung SBRT ...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1118/1.4926551

    authors: Woerner A,Roeske JC,Harkenrider MM,Fan J,Aydogan B,Koshy M,Laureckas R,Vali F,Campana M,Surucu M

    更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00

  • Automated segmentation of a motion mask to preserve sliding motion in deformable registration of thoracic CT.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Deformable registration generally relies on the assumption that the sought spatial transformation is smooth. Yet, breathing motion involves sliding of the lung with respect to the chest wall, causing a discontinuity in the motion field, and the smoothness assumption can lead to poor matching accuracy. In respon...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.3679009

    authors: Vandemeulebroucke J,Bernard O,Rit S,Kybic J,Clarysse P,Sarrut D

    更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00

  • Quantitative CT of lung nodules: dependence of calibration on patient body size, anatomic region, and calibration nodule size for single- and dual-energy techniques.

    abstract::Calcium concentration may be a useful feature for distinguishing benign from malignant lung nodules in computer-aided diagnosis. The calcium concentration can be estimated from the measured CT number of the nodule and a CT number vs calcium concentration calibration line that is derived from CT scans of two or more ca...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.3148536

    authors: Goodsitt MM,Chan HP,Way TW,Schipper MJ,Larson SC,Christodoulou EG

    更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00

  • Validation and application of a fast Monte Carlo algorithm for assessing the clinical impact of approximations in analytical dose calculations for pencil beam scanning proton therapy.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation is generally superior to analytical dose calculation (ADC) used in commercial TPS to model the dose distribution especially for heterogeneous sites, such as lung and head/neck patients. The purpose of this study was to provide a validated, fast, and open-source MC code, MCsquar...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/mp.13231

    authors: Huang S,Souris K,Li S,Kang M,Barragan Montero AM,Janssens G,Lin A,Garver E,Ainsley C,Taylor P,Xiao Y,Lin L

    更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00

  • Dosimetry of a thyroid uptake detected in seed migration survey following a patient's iodine-125 prostate implant and in vitro measurements of intentional seed leakages.

    abstract::As a quality control procedure, a post-implant seed migration survey has been accomplished on 340 prostate cancer patients since November 2001. Pulmonary seed embolization and intracardiac seed embolization have been detected. A case of thyroid uptake due to leaking iodine-125 (I-125) sources was also seized. In order...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.2207319

    authors: Chen QS,Russell JL Jr,Macklis RR,Weinhous MS,Blair HF

    更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00

  • Low-dose CT reconstruction using spatially encoded nonlocal penalty.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most used imaging modalities for imaging both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. However, because of the high demand for lower radiation dose during CT scans, the reconstructed image can suffer from noise and artifacts due to the trade-off between the image quality and...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/mp.12523

    authors: Kim K,El Fakhri G,Li Q

    更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00

  • Relaxing leaf-motion restrictions in dynamic multileaf collimator leaf sequencing.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Traditionally, unidirectional leaf-sweeping schemes have been employed to deliver IMRT plans using the dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) technique. The goal of this research is to investigate the potential impact of relaxing the leaf-motion restrictions in DMLC IMRT on the beam-modulation quality and the deli...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/mp.13158

    authors: Mirzapour SA,Salari E

    更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00

  • Image resolution of a microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier.

    abstract::The resolution has been evaluated for an experimental x-ray image intensifier employing three microchannel plates (MCPs) as the photon absorber and electron multipliers. The line spread function (LSF) was measured and used for determination of the modulation transfer function (MTF). The MTF was found to be independent...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.594463

    authors: Gould RG

    更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00

  • AAPM Task Group 329: Reference dose specification for dose calculations: Dose-to-water or dose-to-muscle?

    abstract::Linac calibration is done in water, but patients are comprised primarily of soft tissue. Conceptually, and specified in NRG/RTOG trials, dose should be reported as dose-to-muscle to describe the dose to the patient. Historically, the dose-to-water of the linac calibration was often converted to dose-to-muscle for pati...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1002/mp.13995

    authors: Kry SF,Feygelman V,Balter P,Knöös T,Charlie Ma CM,Snyder M,Tonner B,Vassiliev ON

    更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00

  • Focal spot motion of linear accelerators and its effect on portal image analysis.

    abstract::The focal spot of a linear accelerator is often considered to have a fully stable position. In practice, however, the beam control loop of a linear accelerator needs to stabilize after the beam is turned on. As a result, some motion of the focal spot might occur during the start-up phase of irradiation. When acquiring...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.1576229

    authors: Sonke JJ,Brand B,van Herk M

    更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00

  • Incorporation of treatment plan spatial and temporal dose patterns into a prostate intrafractional motion management strategy.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Periodic MV∕KV radiographs taken during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for hypofractionated treatment provide guidance in intrafractional motion management. The choice of imaging frequency and timing are key components in delivering the desired dose while reducing associated overhead such as imaging do...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.4742846

    authors: Zhang P,Hunt M,Happersett L,Cox B,Mageras G

    更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00

  • Performance characteristics of an orthovoltage x-ray therapy machine.

    abstract::Performance characteristics sufficient to provide physical data base specific to the Siemen's Stabilipan 2 orthovoltage x-ray therapy machine are presented. Operating conditions covering the working range of the unit from 100 to 300 kVp are selected. Beam quality, output, the central axis depth dose, relative output f...

    journal_title:Medical physics

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1118/1.596016

    authors: Niroomand-Rad A,Gillin MT,Lopez F,Grimm DF

    更新日期:1987-09-01 00:00:00