Abstract:
:Emergency contraception has been called the best-kept contraceptive secret. Previous research shows that several regimens of postcoital contraception offer safe and effective ways for women to avoid pregnancy. Yet the methods are typically unavailable to women in developing countries. In this article, the authors review the main methods of emergency contraception and describe experience with them to date. The prevalence and urgency of the need for making these methods available to women in developing countries are assessed. The necessary elements for creating such access are described. In several developing countries, conditions for introducing the methods may be more favorable than in industrialized countries. These advantages are reviewed. Finally, the authors describe the challenges anticipated for broadening the availability of postcoital methods in the developing world. They conclude with a brief series of recommendations for policymakers. :In the order of the amount of research available on each, five regimens of emergency contraception are reviewed: 1) the estrogen/progestin combination of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, known as the Yuzpe regimen; 2) the copper IUD; 3) levonorgestrel-only regimens; 4) danazol, a synthetic steroid; and 5) mifepristone, also known as RU-486, a progesterone antagonist that appears to work well as a postcoital contraceptive. The Yuzpe regimen was discovered more than 20 years ago, and it consists of 200 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 1.0 mg of levonorgestrel taken 12 hours apart and initiated within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. In the late 1970s, Lippes discovered that copper-bearing IUDs could prevent pregnancy when inserted within 5 days after intercourse. This method may even be effective for up to 7 or 10 days postcoitally. Studies have confirmed that the IUD method had a failure rate of less than 0.1%. The levonorgestrel regimen requires the taking of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel divided into two doses 12 hours apart and initiated within 48 hours of unprotected intercourse. Tablets containing 0.75 mg of levonorgestrel are marketed for infrequent intercourse to be taken immediately after intercourse. Postinor, marketed by Gedeon Richter of Hungary, is registered in eastern European countries and some developing countries. The synthetic steroid danazol produces fewer side effects than the Yuzpe regimen. 600 mg of danazol has to be taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse and another 600 mg taken 12 hours later. The RU-486 regimen consists of a single 600 mg dose postcoitally within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. A variety of other regimens, including ethinyl estradiol, conjugated estrogens, diethylstilbestrol, and quingestanol acetate have also been studied for use as postcoital contraceptives. The prevalence of need in developing countries depends on conditions for use and potential users. The urgency of need (unintended pregnancies, social conditions, age, and cost), expanding access, challenges to expansion, and some recommendations are also discussed.
journal_name
Stud Fam Plannjournal_title
Studies in family planningauthors
Ellertson C,Winikoff B,Armstrong E,Camp S,Senanayake Psubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-09-01 00:00:00pages
251-63issue
5eissn
0039-3665issn
1728-4465journal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::This article provides an overview of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) as a data source. MICS-one of the largest household survey programs focused on children and women-has covered 116 countries, many over several rounds of surveys producing trend data. Data are collected on a range of indicators for child...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sifp.12103
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines the trends and variations in childlessness, subfertility, and infertility in Tanzania according to data from the 1973 National Demographic Survey and the 1991-92 Demographic and Health Survey. Between the surveys, the proportion of women older than 30 who were childless was found to have declined m...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Within developing countries, our understanding of reproductive inequality-how fertility is distributed within a population-has been shaped largely by studies of fertility differentials, a practical but partial-information measure. In this study, we examine whether exclusive reliance on differentials biases this unders...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.166.x
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The availability of legal abortion in California appeared to affect California fertility in 1971 with a downward trend in both legitimate and illegitimate births. In 1972 legitimate birth rates continued to fall as rapidly as in 1971 but illegitimacy rates declined less rapidly. Unmarried women continued to be the d...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Family planning progress in Singapore during 1972 is reviewed. The Singapore Family Planning and Population Board launched its most intensive family planning campaign in July 1972. A primary objective of the campaign was to promote both male and female sterilizations. Stronger social disincentives to discourage lar...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the context of a high and increasing incidence of unwanted pregnancy among Nigerian adolescents, a sample survey of never-married residents of the Ibadan area, aged 14 to 25 years, was conducted in 1982 to learn about their perceptions and practices relating to reproductive health. A substantial proportion of the y...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Integrated Day Care Program (IDCP) in Korea provices family planning classes as an integral part of comprehensive day care services for low-income families. The program was initiated by CARE in 1973, with support from the Korean government, and has received important inputs from national family planning agencies. ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of magazine advertising on vasectomy acceptance was tested in São Paulo, Brazil. Four advertisements ran for ten weeks in eight magazines. Clinic performance doubled during the campaign and stabilized at 54 percent higher than baseline. The advertisements selectively attracted the target audience without br...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article analyzes the patterns and determinants of maternal health care utilization in Jordan, using data from the Jordan Fertility and Family Health Survey of 1983. The study focuses on the 2,949 women who had a child in the five years preceding the survey. Through multivariate analyses of differentials in the ut...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines the determinants of the use of four types of reproductive health-care services in Uttar Pradesh, India: contraceptive services, antenatal care, delivery in a medical institution, and services dealing with reproductive tract and sexually transmitted infections. The analysis uses a multilevel modelin...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2002.00309.x
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study uses couple-level data to measure couples' concordance of self-reported time since last coitus and of condom and other contraceptive use at last sexual intercourse among monogamous couples in Liberia (N = 1,673), Madagascar (N = 4,138), and Namibia (N = 588). The study also examines the characteristics asso...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00300.x
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accessible and quality reproductive health services are critical for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). After a decade of waning investment in family planning, interest and funding are growing once again. This article assesses whether introducing, removing, or changing user fees for contraception has an effect ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/sifp.12005
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the knowledge and practices regarding medical abortion and postabortion care in northern Nigeria among private physicians--the principal providers of such services in the area--122 doctors operating separate clinics in five states--Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Niger, and Taraba--were interviewed by means of a...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2011.00263.x
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Tanzania, unmet need for contraception is high, particularly in the postpartum period. Contraceptive counseling during routine antenatal HIV testing could reach 97 percent of pregnant women with much-needed information, but requires an understanding of postpartum contraceptive use and its relationship to antenatal ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2015.00040.x
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::As population problems increasingly are seen in the context of socioeconomic development and as programs to reduce fertility become more diversified and multisectoral, issues facing program managers are changing. In addressing today's challenges in the areas of population policy and development planning, family planni...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study analyzes longitudinal data from Matlab, Bangladesh, to examine the impact of child mortality on subsequent contraceptive acceptance and continuation. The strong negative impact is found to attenuate with family size, indicating a "replacement effect". An "insurance effect" is observed as contraceptive accep...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines the effects of rural-urban return migration on women's family planning and reproductive health attitudes and behavior in the sending areas of rural China. Based on data from a survey of rural women aged 16-40 in Sichuan and Anhui Provinces in 2000, our study finds that migrant women returning from ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00222.x
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although contraceptive practice has increased substantially in Korea as a result of a strong national family planning program, surveys indicate the existence of an additional unmet demand. A number of obstacles tend to limit availability of family planning services and supplies. The effects of total availability are b...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article examines women's covert use of contraceptives, that is, their use of a method without their husbands' knowledge. Three questions are addressed: (1) How is covert use measured? (2) How prevalent is it? and (3) What are the factors underlying covert use? Existing studies are used together with survey and qu...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The summary results from the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey are tabled and graphically presented. The nationally representative sample includes 8173 households with 7150 interviews from women 15-49 years. Data was collected between December and May 1989 from all provinces except the North Eastern Province ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to gather comprehensive data from three hospitals in Istanbul, Turkey, in order to gain in-depth understanding of the quality of antenatal care in this setting. The Bruce-Jain framework for quality of care was adapted for use in evaluating antenatal care. Methods included examination of hospi...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2006.00083.x
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparative field trial of the Copper TCu-200 and the Lippes loop was conducted in Colombia, Iran, Korea, and Thailand from 1971 to 1973. The study, involving 7,400 women, provided two-year first segment continuation and termination rates. In three countries, TCu-200 expulsion rates were significantly below Lippes l...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Singapore reached its replacement fertility with a net reproduction rate of 1.0 in 1975, and will have accomplished zero population growth around 2030 with a population of 3.5 million from the current 2.3 million. The birth rate should stabilize at 50,000 after 1990 and age-specific fertility rates are expected to de...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Migration during the formative adolescent years can affect important life-course transitions, including the initiation of sexual activity. In this study, we use life history calendar data to investigate the relationship between changes in residence and timing of premarital sexual debut among young people in urban Keny...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00309.x
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Access to safe abortion is a reproductive rights and justice issue, and it is imperative that safe abortion access during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is a reality for all. India imposed a lockdown in March 2020 to contain the spread of the pandemic. Limited mobility, lack of clarity about abortion as an essential ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sifp.12139
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data collected from 3,073 couples in four Nigerian cities and one semi-urban settlement were used to examine reproductive decision-making and male motivation for large family size. The report concludes that the characteristic male-dominant and patrilineal traditions support large family size and that men's reproductiv...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews field experiences with provision of family planning services in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs in ten countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Family planning is a standard component of most antenatal care and maternal-child health programs within which PMTCT prog...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2005.00064.x
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pakistan's high unmet need for contraception and low contraceptive prevalence remain a challenge, especially in light of the country's expected contribution to the FP2020 goal of expanding family planning services to an additional 120 million women with unmet need. Analysis of panel data from 14 Pakistani districts su...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00389.x
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Community-level research data from a Maternal-Child Health and Family Planning (MCH/FP) program and comparison areas in rural Bangladesh indicate that 60 percent of infant deaths occurred in the neonatal period in both areas. Since the inception of the MCH/FP program, mortality rates declined relative to those in the ...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data from a national survey of young unmarried women are used to analyze the relationship of perceptions of method characteristics to the acceptability of methods for use and to the actual contraceptive choice. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression analyses are employed to assess the effects of percepti...
journal_title:Studies in family planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00