Abstract:
PURPOSE:Empirical formulae relate the mean size of primary droplets from jet and ultrasonic nebulizers to a fluid's physicochemical properties. Although the size selective "filtering" effects of baffling and evaporation may modify the secondary aerosol produced, this research sought to evaluate whether viscosity and surface tension of nebulized fluids influenced the aerosol's size and output characteristics. METHODS:Fluid systems of different surface tension and viscosity (glycerol and propylene glycol solutions [10-50% (v/v)] and a range of silicone fluids [200/0.65 cs-100cs]) were nebulized in three jet and two ultrasonic nebulizers. Secondary aerosol characteristics were measured with a Malvern 2600C laser diffraction sizer and the nebulization times, residual volumes and percentage outputs were determined. RESULTS:While the droplet size appeared to be inversely proportional to viscosity for jet nebulizers, it was directly proportional to viscosity for ultrasonic nebulizers. Although fluid systems with lower surface tensions generally produced slightly smaller MMDs, the relationship between surface tension and droplet size was complex. The more viscous fluids required longer nebulization times and were associated with increased residual amounts (lower outputs). The ultrasonic nebulizers did not effectively, and were on occasion unable to, nebulize the more viscous fluids. CONCLUSIONS:It follows that there are cut-off values for viscosity and/or surface tension above or below which ultrasonic devices fail to operate. Moreover, jet nebulizers generated an aerosol with an optimum respirable output from median-viscosity fluids.
journal_name
Pharm Resjournal_title
Pharmaceutical researchauthors
McCallion ON,Taylor KM,Thomas M,Taylor AJdoi
10.1023/a:1016205520044subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-11-01 00:00:00pages
1682-8issue
11eissn
0724-8741issn
1573-904Xjournal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Published permeability coefficient (Kp) data for the transport of a large group of compounds through mammalian epidermis were analyzed by a simple model based upon permeant size [molecular volume (MV) or molecular weight (MW)] and octanol/water partition coefficient (Koct). The analysis presented is a facile means to ...
journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1015810312465
更新日期:1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on mass transport across fetal membrane for direct fetal drug delivery and sensing of the amniotic fluid in a noninvasive manner. METHODS:Post-delivery human fetal membranes (chorioamnion) were used for in vitro experiments, in which the eff...
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journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
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abstract:PURPOSE:This study investigated the penetration of lidocaine around and through a sutured incision following the application of iontophoretic and passive patches in the CD Hairless rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Concentrations in localized areas (suture, dermis, subcutaneous, and vascular) were determined using microdialy...
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journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
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更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
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更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
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更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmaceutical research
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更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00