Abstract:
:There is substantial clinical and experimental evidence that ammonia is a major factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. In the article is demonstrated that in hepatocellular dysfunction, ammonia detoxification to glutamine (GLN) in skeletal muscle, brain, and likely the lungs, is activated. In addition to ammonia detoxification, enhanced GLN production may exert beneficial effects on the immune system and gut barrier function. However, enhanced GLN synthesis may exert adverse effects in the brain (swelling of astrocytes or altered neurotransmission) and stimulate catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the majority of GLN produced is released to the blood and catabolized in enterocytes and the kidneys to ammonia, which due to liver injury escapes detoxification to urea and appears in peripheral blood. As only one molecule of ammonia is detoxified in GLN synthesis whereas two molecules may appear in GLN breakdown, these events can be seen as a vicious cycle in which enhanced ammonia concentration activates synthesis of GLN leading to its subsequent catabolism and increase in ammonia levels in the blood. These alterations may explain why therapies targeted to intestinal bacteria have only a limited effect on ammonia levels in patients with liver failure and indicate the needs of new therapeutic strategies focused on GLN metabolism. It is demonstrated that each of the various treatment options targeting only one the of the ammonia-lowering mechanisms that affect GLN metabolism, such as enhancing GLN synthesis (BCAA), suppressing ammonia production from GLN breakdown (glutaminase inhibitors and alpha-ketoglutarate), and promoting GLN elimination (phenylbutyrate) exerts substantial adverse effects that can be avoided if their combination is tailored to the specific needs of each patient.
journal_name
Metab Brain Disjournal_title
Metabolic brain diseaseauthors
Holecek Mdoi
10.1007/s11011-013-9428-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-03-01 00:00:00pages
9-17issue
1eissn
0885-7490issn
1573-7365journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway participates in a number of reactions of the cell when responding to various external stimuli. These stimuli include growth factor binding to its receptor as well as stressful situations such as hypoxia and oxidative stress. It has been postulated that one of t...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1012541011123
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::While risk factors for konzo are known, determinants of cognitive impairment in konzo-affected children remain unknown. We anchored cognitive performance (KABC-II scores) to serum levels of free-thyroxine (free-T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), albumin, and motor proficiency (BOT-2 scores) in 40 children includi...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9492-9
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system which causes chronic demyelination. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) possess immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HCQ on miR-219 and miR-155-3p expression changes in MS-...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-020-00609-z
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abstract::The free radical scavenging abilities of the structurally related steroids beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside (plant sterols and sterolins), cholesterol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) were compared with melatonin (an efficient free radical scavenger) in an in vitro system which measures lipid per...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1011167023695
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence indicates that fetal metabolic stress may result in a variety of post-natal perturbations during brain development. The goal of the study was to determine the duration of hypoxia/ischemia that would elicit a demonstrable regional depression of metabolism in the fetal brain and further to examine se...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-006-9031-4
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. Strategies using antioxidants to improve neurological functions after stroke have, thus, gained significant attention. Ocimum basilicum L. is used traditionally to treat CNS disorders. Its antioxidant capacity is well established. Our laboratory ha...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-018-0215-5
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because of the importance of cholesterol metabolism in the physiopathogenesis of dementia, and knowing the function of ATP-binding cassette A1 transporter (ABCA1) as a cholesterol flow pump at the cellular and cerebral level, it has been noted that the ABCA1 gene may be a good candidate for disease study. In order to ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-020-00577-4
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rare metabolic diseases may sometimes arise acutely and endanger human life if not immediately recognized and treated. Marchiafava Bignami disease is an uncommon neurologic disorder described in alcohol abusers and characterized by an acute severe damage of brain white matter. Even more rarely, it has been reported in...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9893-z
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Attention alterations are reported in cirrhotics. Aiming at clarifying attention functioning in cirrhotics, an inquiry on the functioning of the anterior (AAS) and the posterior (PAS) attention system was performed. Thirty-six cirrhotics without overt hepatic encephalopathy (24 with EEG or TMT-A alterations) and 16 ma...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-005-4149-3
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The enzyme nitric oxide synthase has been associated with suicide behavior. NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 genes are implicated in the production of nitric oxide. However, the association between NOS genes and suicide behavior has not yet been established. To assess the association of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) genes and suicid...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1007/s11011-019-00406-3
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important aspect of normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Recently, it was shown that the BBB breakdown is one of the predisposing factors in the pathogenesis of thiamine-deficiency encephalopathy. The result is discussed along with some reviews on previous ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02080931
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present experiments were conducted to investigate the direct effects of ethanol on the energy metabolism of astrocytes and C6-glioma cells. Primary astrocytes were prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats, and C6-glioma cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). These cells were exp...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1020606607729
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Substantial evidence demonstrated that maternal dietary nutrients can significantly determine the susceptibility to developing metabolic disorders in the offspring. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the later-life effects of maternal and postweaning diets interaction on epigenetic modification of the central nervous ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9678-9
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cystinosis is a systemic genetic disease caused by a lysosomal transport deficiency accumulating cystine in most tissues. Tissue damage depends on cystine accumulation, but the mechanisms of this damage are still obscure. Cysteamine administration depletes cystine accumulated, increasing survive of affected patients. ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-007-9078-x
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microglia--the macrophage equivalent of the CNS--safeguards and supports neuronal functions. Threats to the CNS homeostasis can trigger a rapid transformation of these cells from a normally "resting" into alerted and "activated" states. Microglia primarily serves the tissue defence and protection when participating in...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/b:mebr.0000043984.73063.d8
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with chronic liver disease manifest a high incidence (> 75%) of pallidal signal hyperintensity on T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the intensity of which correlates with blood manganese levels and the presence of extrapyramidal symptoms. A major cause of pallidal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02109357
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autism (MIM 209850) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disease that manifests within the first 3 years of life. Numerous articles reported that dysfunctional folate-methionine pathway enzymes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of autism. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical enzym...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9815-0
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Effects of sertraline, haloperidol or olanzapine administration on ketamine-induced behaviours in mice were examined. The aim was to ascertain the degree of reversal of such behaviours by sertraline, and compare its effectiveness to haloperidol and olanzapine. Ten-week old mice (N = 120) were equally divided into main...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0031-3
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 35 years, the outlook for a patient presenting with acute liver failure (ALF) has changed beyond all recognition. A patient presenting in 1984 had an 80 % likelihood of succumbing to intracranial hypertension. Today due to dramatic improvements in intensive care in dedicated liver transplant units, this ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11011-012-9363-1
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alcohol dependence (AD) has a large heritable component. Genetic variation in genes involved in the absorption and elimination of ethanol have been associated with AD. However, some of these polymorphisms are not present in an African population. Previous studies have reported that a type of AD which is characterized ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9503-x
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relation between soya bean (SB) consumption and aggressive behavior has not been elucidated yet. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of large amount of SB consumption on adult male rats' aggressive behavior through investigating changes in the expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone/ RF amid...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
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abstract::Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism, resulting in pathological accumulation of copper in many organs and tissues. The hallmarks of the disease are the presence of liver disease, neurologic symptoms, and Kayser-Fleischer corneal rings. The leading neurologic symptoms in...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11011-005-7910-8
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling mental disorders that affects up to 1 % of the population worldwide. Although the causes of this disorder remain unknown, it has been extensively characterized by a broad range of emotional, ideational and cognitive impairments. Studies indicate that schizophrenia affects neu...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-013-9417-z
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclic AMP is part of an endogenous mechanism that downregulates inflammatory response, and its intracellular concentration is regulated chiefly by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases type 4. The goal of the present study was to determine whether phosphodiesterases 4 are involved in the inflammatory response of astro...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
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doi:10.1007/s11011-009-9150-9
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) is caused by mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, the template for the final enzyme in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. If left untreated this deficiency of functional FAH leads to a buildup of toxic metabolites that can cause liver disease, kidney dysfunction ...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0071-8
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cholesterol-raising properties of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon-4 (ε-4) allele has been validated in the South African population. Mounting evidence supports the added value of APOE genotyping for the evaluation of cardiovascular risk in dyslipidemic patients beyond its established role in the diagnosis of l...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9737-2
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic exposure to stress amplifies locomotor deficits and exacerbates dopamine neuron loss in an animal model for Parkinson's disease. The release of neurotrophic factors such as glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) following neuronal injury attenuates exacerbated degeneration...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Usually diagnosed within the first month of birth, it is essential that the patient strictly follow the dietary restriction of natural protein intake. Otherwise, PKU impacts the development of the brain severely and may result in microceph...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11011-019-00472-7
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The regional energy status and the availability of metabolic substrates during brain development are important, since a variety of fetal metabolic insults have been increasingly implicated in the evolution of neonatal brain disorders. The response of the brain to a metabolic insult is determined, in large part, by the...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1025503115837
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study aimed to investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the neuroprotective effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) in rats. Four groups of a total forty I/R rats with 60-min occlusion followed by 48 h reperfusion or sham surgery wer...
journal_title:Metabolic brain disease
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更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00