The Fate of Elements in Residential Composters

Abstract:

:An investigation into the fate of elements during residential composting was conducted by studying an Envirocycle residential-type aerobic composter unit that was set up and operated at the University of Toronto's greenhouse facility. Source materials consisting of various fruits and vegetables were combined with Metropolitan Toronto Works Department's finished leaf compost (MWFLC), and composted over a 2-month period. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to determine the concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn in the source materials and the 2-month greenhouse finished compost (GHFC). Results indicate that the ratio of final element mass to input element mass was approximately 1, suggesting that elements are conserved during the composting process. One tailed t tests (0.05 level of significance) on element concentrations between the MWFLC and GHFC revealed that supplementing MWFLC with fruits and vegetables does not significantly change concentrations >25%. One-way analyses of variances conducted on Toronto residential compost samples revealed good homogeneity within an individual composter, although significant elemental variances occurred between separate composters. Incidentally, it was noticed that several of the Toronto residential compost samples had Cr levels that exceeded Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy guideline values for municipal compost.

authors

Evans GJ,Tan PV

doi

10.1007/s002449900325

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1998-05-01 00:00:00

pages

323-9

issue

4

eissn

0090-4341

issn

1432-0703

pii

AECT97-003

journal_volume

34

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Sublethal lead affects pituitary function of rainbow trout during exogenous vitellogenesis.

    abstract::Sexually maturing female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were exposed to 10 microg/L of waterborne lead Pb(NO(3))(2) for 12 days during endogenous vitellogenesis and 12 days during exogenous vitellogenesis. Lead had no significant effect on either gonadosomatic indices or mean maximum diameters of developing oocyt...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002449910006

    authors: Ruby SM,Hull R,Anderson P

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Surficial Sediments from the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh.

    abstract::The surficial sediments were collected in winter and summer (2015) from the coastal areas of Bangladesh and analyzed for 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total concentration of PAHs (∑PAHs) were 349.8-11,058.8 and 199.9-17,089.1 ng/g dry weight (dw) in winter and summer, respectively. Sed...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-018-0571-5

    authors: Habibullah-Al-Mamun M,Kawser Ahmed M,Hossain A,Masunaga S

    更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00

  • Toxicity of cadmium and copper on larval and juvenile stages of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Brachyura, Grapsidae).

    abstract::The toxicity of cadmium and copper were assayed in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata. Acute assays were made on the first larvae stage, and both acute and chronic assays were made on juvenile crabs. The acute lethal toxicity of the assayed heavy metals was three orders of magnitude higher in larvae than in ju...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002440010256

    authors: Greco LS,Sánchez MV,Nicoloso GL,Medesani DA,Rodríguez EM

    更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00

  • Multi-metals Measured at Sediment-Water Interface (SWI) by Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) Technique for Geochemical Research.

    abstract::Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique was used to determine pore water profile and to assess remobilization character of metals at sediment/water interface. The remobilization of Mn was due to redox reaction in profile, which engendered two large peaks: one with DGT concentration of 1355 µg L(-1) at depth ...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-015-0184-1

    authors: Wu Z,Jiao L,Wang S,Xu Y

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Combined effects of UV-B, nitrate, and low pH reduce the survival and activity level of larval cascades frogs (Rana cascadae).

    abstract::We investigated interactions between low pH, high nitrate level, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light on the survival and activity level of larval Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae). We used a fully factorial experimental design, with pH levels of 5 and 7; initial "pulse" nitrate exposure levels of 0, 5, and 20 mg/L; and UV-B p...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002440010132

    authors: Hatch AC,Blaustein AR

    更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00

  • Accumulation of environmental contaminants in wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs, with emphasis on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans.

    abstract::We measured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and mercury in wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs collected near a North Carolina (USA) bleached kraft paper mill. Samples were taken a decade after the mill stopped using...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-008-9199-1

    authors: Augspurger TP,Echols KR,Peterman PH,May TW,Orazio CE,Tillitt DE,Di Giulio RT

    更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00

  • The juvenile growth rate of Daphnia: a short-term alternative to measuring the per capita rate of increase in ecotoxicology?

    abstract::The juvenile growth rate (gj) of Daphnia is a good predictor of the per capita rate of increase (r), which is considered the ecologically most meaningful parameter. The hypothesis is tested that gj may be used as a surrogate for r in short-term ecotoxicological tests to replace the time-consuming population-based test...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-001-0010-9

    authors: Trubetskova I,Lampert W

    更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00

  • Combined effect of invertebrate predation and sublethal pesticide exposure on the behavior and survival of Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea; Isopoda).

    abstract::Invertebrate communities of lentic habitats comprise, amongst others, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) and the turbellarian Dendrocoelum lacteum (Tricladida). Because D. lacteum preferentially preys on A. aquaticus, contaminants introduced into the aquatic environment may affect this predator-prey interactio...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-011-9743-2

    authors: Bundschuh M,Appeltauer A,Dabrunz A,Schulz R

    更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00

  • Twenty-five years of surveillance for contaminants in human breast milk.

    abstract::To monitor the exposure of Canadian populations, Health Canada has carried out six major surveys of breast milk contaminants, beginning in 1967. In these national surveys, breast milk was collected from nursing mothers at various times in their nursing period, and the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were me...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002449900434

    authors: Craan AG,Haines DA

    更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of metals in fish from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia.

    abstract::The concentrations of the metals cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, silver, selenium and zinc were measured in the muscle and gonad tissues of five species of fish, yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis), silverbiddy (Gerres subfasciatus) and trumpeter whiting (Sillago maculata), southern log finned goby (Favonigobiou...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-007-9027-z

    authors: Roach AC,Maher W,Krikowa F

    更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00

  • Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting phenols and estrogens in water and sediment of the Songhua river, northeastern China.

    abstract::Concentrations of six phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals [4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-t-nonylphenol (4-t-NP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), nonylphenol mono- to di-ethoxylates (NP1EO, NP2EO), and bisphenol A (BPA)] and five estrogens [estrone (E1), β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), and diethyl...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-014-9998-5

    authors: Zhang Z,Ren N,Kannan K,Nan J,Liu L,Ma W,Qi H,Li Y

    更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00

  • Characteristics of three acidic lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada.

    abstract::This report summarizes a study of the chemical and biological characteristics of three oligotrophic lakes located in a region that receives a moderately acidic precipitation (mean annual pH 4.5-4.6), and a sulfate deposition of about 20 kg/ha/yr. The two brownwater lakes are relatively acidic (pH 4.5 and 4.8), and muc...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01056203

    authors: Kerekes J,Freedman B

    更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00

  • Delayed and competitively inhibited excretion of urinary hippuric acid in field workers coexposed to toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene.

    abstract::The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the metabolic suppression of hippuric acid (HA) occurs in field workers coexposed to toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene. Eleven male spray painters were recruited into this study and monitored for 2 weeks using a repeated-measures study design. The sampling was condu...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-006-0084-5

    authors: Mao IF,Chang FK,Chen ML

    更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of heavy metals (Hg2+, cd2+, Pb2+) during the embryonic development of acridid grasshoppers (Insecta, caelifera)

    abstract::Heavy metals present in the soil get differently accumulated in organisms and show different rates of toxicity at different stages of the life cycle of any organism living there. To see whether such toxicants get accumulated during the embryonic development and/or change the normal developmental processes of organisms...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/pl00006613

    authors: Devkota B,Schmidt GH

    更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00

  • Flow cytogenetic analysis of whole cell clastogenicity of herbicides found in groundwater.

    abstract::Agronomic practices followed in recent years have caused the agrarian sector to depend heavily on agri-chemicals such as herbicides, but herbicides have negative environmental consequences. Their usage has resulted in chemicals being introduced into the groundwater. Although the contaminants are in trace amounts, litt...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF00213963

    authors: Biradar DP,Rayburn AL

    更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00

  • Heavy metals in airborne particulate matter of urban Coimbatore.

    abstract::Exposures to airborne metals are known to cause physiological responses in organisms and wide-ranging health effects in humans. Hence determination of metals in particulate matter is important from a toxicological perspective. In the current study heavy metals associated with respirable (RSPM) and nonrespirable (NRSPM...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-004-3054-9

    authors: Mohanraj R,Azeez PA,Priscilla T

    更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00

  • Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates of Bisphenol A: Chemical Synthesis and Correlation Between Their Urinary Levels and Plasma Bisphenol A Content in Voluntary Human Donors.

    abstract::Bisphenol A (BPA) glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are major products of Phase II metabolism of BPA in humans. In the past, their determination in body fluids usually involves tedious enzymatic hydrolysis and multiresidual analysis. The recent availability of authentic standards of these conjugates enables our bette...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-017-0438-1

    authors: Ho KL,Yuen KK,Yau MS,Murphy MB,Wan Y,Fong BM,Tam S,Giesy JP,Leung KS,Lam MH

    更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00

  • Species-specific reaction of liver ultrastructure in Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and trout (Salmo gairdneri) after prolonged exposure to 4-chloroaniline.

    abstract::The morphological alterations of hepatocytes of female zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, and fingerling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, following prolonged exposure to 0.04, 0.2 and 1 mg/L of 4-chloroaniline were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Changes in peroxisomes were visualized by cytochemical...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01054986

    authors: Braunbeck T,Storch V,Bresch H

    更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00

  • Evaluation of sediment contamination by heavy metals, organochlorinated pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Berre coastal lagoon (southeast France).

    abstract::During the last decades, the Berre lagoon, located in southeastern France, has been deeply affected by strong contaminant inputs. Surveys of surface sediment contamination have been sparsely performed since 1964 with data often disconnected with regard to time and space. To contribute to filling this gap, this study e...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-013-9915-3

    authors: Arienzo M,Masuccio AA,Ferrara L

    更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00

  • Acute toxicities of Cd2+, Cr+6 Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to estuarine macrofauna.

    abstract::Static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted at 20 degrees C and 20 o/33 salinity with CdCl2-2 1/2 H20, K2CrO4, HgCl2, NiCl2-6H2O, and ZnCl2 using adults of starfish, Asterias forbesi; sandworm, Nereis virens; hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus; softshell clam, Mya arenaria; mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus; and mummicho...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF02097772

    authors: Eisler R,Hennekey RJ

    更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of elevated foodborne selenium on growth and reproduction of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

    abstract::Several field studies of selenium-contaminated lakes and reservoirs have indicated the possibility of selenium-induced reproductive failure in important populations of fish. These investigators have hypothesized that bioaccumulation of selenium through the food chain led to fish selenium levels high enough to elicit t...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01160293

    authors: Ogle RS,Knight AW

    更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00

  • Screening of organochlorines in freshwater fish collected from the Pearl River Delta, People's Republic of China.

    abstract::HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs were analyzed in fish flesh collected from fish ponds in the Pearl River Delta and compared with those from the Mai Po Marshes (a nature reserve) in Hong Kong, which was considered an unpolluted area. The concentrations for these contaminants were <0.01-7.8 ng/g lipid for HCHs, 22.3-381 ng/g lipid...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-003-2197-4

    authors: Zhou HY,Wong MH

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Measures of resting immune function and related physiology in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to a pulp mill effluent.

    abstract::Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to 0, 10, 30, and 70% (v/v) of a secondary-treated, integrated thermomechanical-bleached kraft pulp and paper mill effluent. The immunological parameters oxidative burst and phagocytosis of head kidney macrophages and total and differential circulating leukocyt...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0093-1

    authors: van den Heuvel MR,O'halloran K,Ellis RJ,Ling N,Harris ML

    更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00

  • Persistence and lateral movement of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and picloram on power line rights-of-way.

    abstract::Soil persistence and lateral movement of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were examined following their application as a stem-foliage spray for brush control on two power line rights-of-way. Ditches to collect runoff water were located 3, 10, 20, and 30 m dow...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01059077

    authors: Meru S,Liber K,Stonefield K,Solomon K,Stephenson G

    更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00

  • Oxidative stress biomarkers in the digestive gland of Theba pisana exposed to heavy metals.

    abstract::The in vivo toxic effects of sublethal treatment of 40 and 80% of 48-h LD(50) of topically applied trace metals [copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)] on oxidative stress biomarkers in the digestive gland of Theba pisana were examined. Oxidative individual perturbations were assessed by measuring nonenzymatic (glutat...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-009-9380-1

    authors: Radwan MA,El-Gendy KS,Gad AF

    更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00

  • Monitoring of antifouling booster biocides in water and sediment from the port of Osaka, Japan.

    abstract::Concentrations of booster antifouling compounds in the port of Osaka, Japan were assessed. Concentrations of Sea-Nine 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-isothiazolone), thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole), IPBC (3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate), Diuron (3,4-dichlorophenyl-N, N-dimethylurea), Irgarol 1051 (2-meth...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0084-2

    authors: Harino H,Mori Y,Yamaguchi Y,Shibata K,Senda T

    更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00

  • Concentrations of selected heavy metals in bones and femoral bone structure of bank (Myodes glareolus) and common (Microtus arvalis) voles from different polluted biotopes in Slovakia.

    abstract::Concentrations of selected heavy metals in the femora and femoral bone structure of bank (Myodes glareolus) and common (Microtus arvalis) voles from different polluted biotopes in Slovakia (Kolíňany and Nováky sites) were investigated. Length, weight, and histological structure of vole bones were also analyzed. We obs...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-010-9545-y

    authors: Martiniaková M,Omelka R,Jančová A,Stawarz R,Formicki G

    更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of cadmium in freshwater clams. II. Ultrastructural changes in the renal system ofAnodonta cygnea.

    abstract::An ultrastructural study was made of the renal system of freshwater clams,Anodonta cygnea, that had been exposed to cadmium chloride (50 μg Cd/L) for 12 weeks. By stereological analysis an extended lysosomal system and a decreased number of mitochondria was apparent in the epithelial cells lining the proximal compartm...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF01183986

    authors: Hemelraad J,Herwig HJ,van Donselaar EG,Holwerda DA,Zandee DI

    更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00

  • Assessment of urinary metabolite excretion after rat acute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and other peroxisomal proliferators.

    abstract::Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent environmental contaminant. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) resulting from exposure to PFOA has been extensively studied in rodents. However, marked differences in response to peroxisome proliferators prevent extrapolation of roden...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00244-014-0058-y

    authors: Rigden M,Pelletier G,Poon R,Zhu J,Auray-Blais C,Gagnon R,Kubwabo C,Kosarac I,Lalonde K,Cakmak S,Xiao B,Leingartner K,Ku KL,Bose R,Jiao J

    更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00

  • Relation Between Age and Heavy Metal Content in the Otoliths ofPomadasys stridens Forskal 1775 Collected from the Arabian Gulf

    abstract::A total of 216 otolith samples (89 male, 127 female) fromPomadasys stridens (Forskal 1775), a common fish of the ArabianGulf, were analyzed for the concentrations of heavy metals. Standard length,age, sex, body, and otolith weight were recorded for each fish. Otolithweight from male fish was found in the range of 0.04...

    journal_title:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002449900189

    authors: Ahmad S,Al-Ghais SM

    更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00