Abstract：
:Women are using estrogens for many purposes, such as to prevent pregnancy or miscarriage, or to treat menopausal symptoms. Estrogens also have been used to treat breast cancer which seems puzzling, since there is convincing evidence to support a link between high lifetime estrogen exposure and increased breast cancer risk. In this review, we discuss the findings that maternal exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk in both exposed mothers and their daughters. In addition, we review data regarding the use of estrogens in oral contraceptives and as postmenopausal hormone therapy and discuss the opposing effects on breast cancer risk based upon timing of exposure. We place particular emphasis on studies investigating how maternal estrogenic exposures during pregnancy increase breast cancer risk among daughters. New data suggest that these exposures induce epigenetic modifications in the mammary gland and germ cells, thereby causing an inheritable increase in breast cancer risk for multiple generations.
journal_name
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasiajournal_title
Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasiaauthors
Hilakivi-Clarke L,de Assis S,Warri Adoi
10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-03-01 00:00:00pages
25-42issue
1eissn
1083-3021issn
1573-7039journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprised of at least five major tumor subtypes that coalesce as the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Although metastasis clearly represents the most lethal characteristic of breast cancer, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that go...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-011-9207-3
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Elucidating cell hierarchy in the mammary gland is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms governing its normal development and malignant transformation. There is relatively little information on cell hierarchy in the bovine mammary gland, despite its agricultural potential and relevance to breast cancer research...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-015-9348-x
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor expression and signal transduction in human breast cancer are reviewed as a function of estrogen receptor (ER) expression. ER+ breast cancer cells are generally resistant to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta. The only known exception appears to be MCF-7 early passag...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02017392
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) signaling via the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) regulate multiple aspects of malignancy. The importance of IGF-1R in regulating the malignant phenotype is currently being validated in numerous clinical trials for cancer including breast cancer. This review d...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9105-5
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The microenvironment of a tumor has emerged recently as a critical contributor to the development of cancer. Within this environment, fibroblasts and immune cells are the cell lineages that seem to be active mediators of tumour development. The activated fibroblasts that are also present during wound healing and chron...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-014-9326-8
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The IGFBP family comprises six proteins with high affinity for the IGFs and several lower affinity IGFBP-related proteins. Their production in the breast is controlled by hormones, other local regulators and in tumors relates to the estrogen receptor status. Their functional activity can also be affected by various po...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1009519400591
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tight junctions (TJs), the most apical components of the cell-cell junctional complexes, play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity within tissues. In secretory glandular tissues, such as the mammary gland, TJs are crucial for separating apical and basolateral domains. TJs also create th...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/B:JOMG.0000017431.45314.07
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With improved screening methods, the numbers of abnormal breast lesions diagnosed in women have been increasing over time. However, it remains unclear whether these breast lesions will develop into invasive cancers. To more effectively predict the outcome of breast lesions and determine a more appropriate course of tr...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-018-9407-1
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The involvement of molecular mechanisms in a particular process such as embryonic mammary gland development, can be revealed by modulation of one or several factors that purportedly act in that process. If those factors or their inhibitors are soluble, their function can be tested by loading them onto small inert bead...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-013-9297-1
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have reported the use of vectors based on avian leukosis virus (ALV) and ALV env pseudotyped lentivirus for stably introducing genes into somatic mammary cells in vivo for tumor modeling. These vectors require tva transgenic mice for viral infection. Here, we report, and described the method for, stably introducing...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10911-009-9154-4
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been implicated in the lobuloalveolar development of the mammary gland. In breast cancer its activation has been linked to tumor progression via stimulation of cell proliferation, pro-survival, and angiogenesis pathways and metastasis. Whether NF-kappaB activation in the immune sy...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-006-9013-5
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ductal development in the pubertal mouse mammary gland is characterized by dramatic morphological changes in the epithelium driven by proliferation of cap and body cells in the terminal endbuds. Recent experiments revealed a coincident and abundant apoptosis in the body cells of these structures. The cells undergoing ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1018733426625
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), a major regulator of the mononuclear phagocytic lineage, is expressed in more than 70% of human breast cancers and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. Studies of CSF-1 null mutant mice demonstrated that CSF-1 plays an important role in normal mammary ductal developmen...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1020399802795
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mouse modeling of human breast cancer has developed tremendously over the past ten years. Human breast cancer is characterized by enormous biological diversity and, collectively, the new models have come much closer to encompassing this diversity. They have provided a deeper understanding of the fundamental events tha...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9093-5
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Hedgehog pathway is critical for many developmental processes, including the formation of several epidermal appendages. In the mammary gland strict regulation of the Hedgehog pathway is required for normal development. Alterations in Hedgehog signaling result in defects in both the embryonic and postnatal mammary ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-007-9048-2
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One H...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-018-9395-1
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family has often been associated with increased growth of breast epithelial cells, as well as malignant transformation and progression. In contrast, ErbB4/HER4 exhibits unique attributes from a two step proteolytic cleavage which releases an 80 kilodalton, nuclear localizing, tyrosine...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9080-x
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumor spread involves degradation of various components of the extracellular matrix and blood vessel wall. Among these is heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which plays a key role in the self-assembly, insolubility and barrier properties of basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Expression of an endoglycosidase (he...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1011375624902
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most of the development and functional differentiation in the mammary gland occur after birth. Epigenetics is defined as the stable alterations in gene expression potential that arise during development and proliferation. Epigenetic changes are mediated at the biochemical level by the chromatin conformation initiated ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-010-9170-4
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dynamic interactions between the hormone responsive mammary gland epithelium and surrounding stromal macrophage populations are critical for normal development and function of the mammary gland. Macrophages are versatile cells capable of diverse roles in mammary gland development and maintenance of homeostasis, and th...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-014-9319-7
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Calcium is an important nutrient that is secreted into milk in quantities that put a considerable stress upon maternal calcium homeostasis. Here we summarize the evidence that two important entities, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) are involved in a feed...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-005-5396-y
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity is a preventable risk factor for breast cancer following menopause. Regardless of menopausal status, obese women who develop breast cancer have a worsened prognosis. Breast tissue is comprised of mammary epithelial cells organized into ducts and lobules and surrounded by adipose-rich connective tissue. Studies...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-020-09452-5
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the discovery that neural tissue contains a population of stem cells that form neurospheres in vitro, sphere-forming assays have been adapted for use with a number of different tissue types for the quantification of stem cell activity and self-renewal. One tissue type widely used for stem cell investigations is ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-012-9255-3
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mouse has emerged as a primary animal model for human breast cancer because the mammary glands of the two species are very similar in structure and function. In this regard the TDLU and LA have similar morphology. The mouse, infected by MMTV, develops "spontaneous" tumors with specific but limited tumor phenotypes...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1018712905244
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The neuroendocrine hormone prolactin (PRL) stimulates breast growth and differentiation during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation. Despite extensive and convincing data indicating that PRL significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of rodent mammary carcinoma, parallel observations for human breast c...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1023/a:1026325630359
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mouse model for breast cancer has developed into a most effective means of dissecting and understanding this devastating disease. The inbred transgenic mouse lends itself to biological, molecular, immunological, and genetic studies. The observation, dissection, transplantation, and subsequent amplification of prec...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-008-9088-2
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacterial infection. The inflammatory process is a normal and necessary immunological response to invading pathogens. The purpose of host inflammatory responses is to eliminate the source of tissue injury, restore immune homeostasis, and return tissue...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-011-9230-4
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wild-type p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a central role in maintaining the genetic integrity of the cell by preventing cells with damaged DNA from further proliferation. Mutation and deletion of p53 are the most common genetic defects seen in clinical cancer. About 40% of breast carcinomas show high levels ...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF02013640
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As their name implies, the myoepithelial cells found at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface of the human mammary gland disclose features suggestive of a dual epithelial-like and muscle-like differentiation, i.e. they co-express various keratins and vimentin intermediate filaments, as well as smooth muscle-related ant...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-005-9581-9
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We review the role of Neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) and Erbb receptor signalling in embryonic mammary gland development. Neuregulins are growth factors that bind and activate its cognate Erbb receptor tyrosine kinases, which form a signalling network with established roles in breast development and breast cancer. Studies have s...
journal_title：Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s10911-013-9286-4
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
