Abstract：
:Translational sciences increasingly emphasize the measurement of functions in native human tissues. However, such studies must confront variations in patient age, gender, genetic background and disease. Here, these are discussed with reference to neuromuscular and neurosecretory functions of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Tissues are obtained after informed consent, in collaboration with surgeons (surgical techniques help minimize variables) and pathologists. Given the difficulties of directly recording from human myenteric neurones (embedded between muscle layers), enteric motor nerve functions are studied by measuring muscle contractions/relaxations evoked by electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves; responses are regionally dependent, often involving cholinergic and nitrergic phenotypes. Enteric sensory functions can be studied by evoking the peristaltic reflex, involving enteric sensory and motor nerves, but this has rarely been achieved. As submucosal neurones are more accessible (after removing the mucosa), direct neuronal recordings are possible. Neurosecretory functions are studied by measuring changes in short-circuit current across the mucosa. For all experiments, basic questions must be addressed. Because tissues are from patients, what are the controls and the influence of disease? How long does it take before function fully recovers? What is the impact of age- and gender-related differences? What is the optimal sample size? Addressing these and other questions minimizes variability and raises the scientific credibility of human tissue research. Such studies also reduce animal use. Further, the many differences between animal and human GI functions also means that human tissue research must question the ethical validity of using strains of animals with unproved translational significance.
journal_name
Br J Pharmacoljournal_title
British journal of pharmacologyauthors
Sanger GJ,Broad J,Kung V,Knowles CHdoi
10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02198.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
28-43issue
1eissn
0007-1188issn
1476-5381journal_volume
168pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:1. The effects of several agonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) were studied in adult rat striatal slices by measuring (i) KCl (30 mM)-induced output of previously taken up D-[3H]-aspartate (Asp), (ii) forskolin (30 microM)-induced adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation and (i...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13977.x
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Adenosine has been shown to be responsible for the hyperaemic response of the hepatic artery to portal vein occlusion (the hepatic arterial 'buffer response'). 2. The effect of adenosine receptor blockade and of adenosine uptake inhibition on the hepatic arterial response to portal vein occlusion was investigated i...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb15857.x
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The opioid receptors are key targets in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, and the development of novel analgesics with reduced side effects is crucial in the search for more effective medications. The crystal structures of opioid receptors have provided a wealth of knowledge on many aspects of opioid receptor p...
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb08146.x
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
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更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12312.x
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb17290.x
更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0704195
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0701682
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/bjp.2008.156
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12117.x
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
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更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14417.x
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb09707.x
更新日期：1974-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of YM-53601 ((E)-2-[2-fluoro-2-(quinuclidin-3-ylidene) ethoxy]-9H-carbazole monohydrochloride), a new inhibitor of squalene synthase, in reducing both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, compared with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0703545
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12178.x
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Bradykinin has multiple effects on differentiated NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma cells: it increases Ins(1,4,5)P3 production and intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i evokes a Ca2+ activated K+ current (IK(Ca)) and inhibits M current (IM). We studied the effect of the aminosteroid U73122 and the antibiotic neom...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0700991
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
