Abstract:
:Since the discovery that neural tissue contains a population of stem cells that form neurospheres in vitro, sphere-forming assays have been adapted for use with a number of different tissue types for the quantification of stem cell activity and self-renewal. One tissue type widely used for stem cell investigations is mammary tissue, and the mammosphere assay has been used in both normal tissue and cancer. Although it is a relatively simple assay to learn, it can be difficult to master. There are methodological and analytical aspects to the assay which require careful consideration when interpreting the results. We describe here a detailed mammosphere assay protocol for the assessment of stem cell activity and self-renewal, and discuss how data generated by the assay can be analysed and interpreted.
journal_name
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasiajournal_title
Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasiaauthors
Shaw FL,Harrison H,Spence K,Ablett MP,Simões BM,Farnie G,Clarke RBdoi
10.1007/s10911-012-9255-3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-06-01 00:00:00pages
111-7issue
2eissn
1083-3021issn
1573-7039journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The mammary gland is an ectodermal appendage and a defining feature of mammals. Consistent with it being a recent evolutionary novelty, many of the molecules essential for the ontogeny and morphogenesis of various vertebrate organs, including those in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, are co-opted ...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-013-9278-4
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and/or the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) have been implicated in a number of human tumors including breast cancer. However, despite being implicated in breast cancer for approximately 25 years and given that transgenic technology has been av...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-008-9097-1
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between maternal dietary intakes of energy or fat maternal body composition and the milk fat concentration is an important element in understanding the role of breast-milk in infant nutrition. In most studies in both developing and developed countries, no relation between maternal energy intake and mi...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1023/a:1018702030259
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::During normal mammary gland development, the tyrosine kinase Jak2 and its main substrate, the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (Stat5), are critical for the growth and differentiation of alveolar progenitors as well as the survival of secretory mammary epithelial cells. Genetic studies in mouse model...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-008-9062-z
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the discovery of an activated Notch oncogene as a causative agent in mouse mammary tumor virus induced breast cancer in mice, the potential role for Notch signaling in normal and pathological mammary development was revealed. Subsequently, Notch receptors have been found to regulate normal development in many org...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/B:JOMG.0000037159.63644.81
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among women with malignant diseases. The selection of adequate therapies for highly invasive and metastatic BCs still represents a major challenge. Novel combinatorial therapeutic approaches are urgently required to enhance the efficiency of BC treatment. Recently, microR...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-021-09478-3
更新日期:2021-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::With improved screening methods, the numbers of abnormal breast lesions diagnosed in women have been increasing over time. However, it remains unclear whether these breast lesions will develop into invasive cancers. To more effectively predict the outcome of breast lesions and determine a more appropriate course of tr...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10911-018-9407-1
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal mammary gland development is the result of complex interactions between a number of hormones and growth factors. Normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells are able to synthesize and to respond to various different, locally acting growth factors and growth inhibitors. Among these, the EGF-related pepti...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1026351730785
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development and progression of aggressive breast cancer is characterized by genomic instability leading to multiple genetic defects, phenotypic diversity, chemoresistance, and poor outcome. Centrosome abnormalities have been implicated in the origin of chromosomal instability through the development of multipolar ...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/B:JOMG.0000048774.27697.30
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers of women in the Western world. Despite modest achievements in the treatment of this disease, there is a substantial unmet medical need to reduce the occurrence of new breast cancers. In several prospective, placebo-controlled trials, the antiestrogen tamoxifen has been s...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1025727103811
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tight junctions (TJs), the most apical components of the cell-cell junctional complexes, play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity within tissues. In secretory glandular tissues, such as the mammary gland, TJs are crucial for separating apical and basolateral domains. TJs also create th...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/B:JOMG.0000017431.45314.07
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Milk is primarily regarded as a food furnishing essential nutrients for infant growth and development, but milk can also serve as a vehicle for mother to neonate transfer of molecules that regulate development. A wide array of biologically active compounds such as hormones, cytokines and enzymes are present in milk, e...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02018079
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Premalignant breast disease in humans is a concept that admits to a broad range of elements and possible determinants predicting the likelihood of developing breast cancer. Most of these elements are relative, such as the risk of breast cancer for women that is 130 times that of men and peaks at a younger age by about...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1009521726605
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacterial infection. The inflammatory process is a normal and necessary immunological response to invading pathogens. The purpose of host inflammatory responses is to eliminate the source of tissue injury, restore immune homeostasis, and return tissue...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-011-9230-4
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wild-type p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a central role in maintaining the genetic integrity of the cell by preventing cells with damaged DNA from further proliferation. Mutation and deletion of p53 are the most common genetic defects seen in clinical cancer. About 40% of breast carcinomas show high levels ...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02013640
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Notch receptor protein and its signaling pathway have been well conserved throughout evolution and appear to be pivotal components in cell fate decisions during development. Recent studies suggest that, depending on the cellular and developmental context, Notch signaling may also affect cell proliferation and prog...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1009512414430
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increased glucose requirements of the gravid uterus during late pregnancy and even greater requirements of the lactating mammary glands necessitate major adjustments in glucose production and utilization in maternal liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. In ruminants, which at all times rely princi...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1026336505343
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mouse modeling of human breast cancer has developed tremendously over the past ten years. Human breast cancer is characterized by enormous biological diversity and, collectively, the new models have come much closer to encompassing this diversity. They have provided a deeper understanding of the fundamental events tha...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-008-9093-5
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast development occurs through well-defined stages representing 'windows of susceptibility' to adverse environmental exposures that potentially modify breast cancer risk. Systematic characterization of morphology and transcriptome during normal breast development lays the foundation of our understanding of cancer e...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10911-018-9401-7
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor expression and signal transduction in human breast cancer are reviewed as a function of estrogen receptor (ER) expression. ER+ breast cancer cells are generally resistant to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta. The only known exception appears to be MCF-7 early passag...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02017392
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have reported the use of vectors based on avian leukosis virus (ALV) and ALV env pseudotyped lentivirus for stably introducing genes into somatic mammary cells in vivo for tumor modeling. These vectors require tva transgenic mice for viral infection. Here, we report, and described the method for, stably introducing...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10911-009-9154-4
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elucidating cell hierarchy in the mammary gland is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms governing its normal development and malignant transformation. There is relatively little information on cell hierarchy in the bovine mammary gland, despite its agricultural potential and relevance to breast cancer research...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s10911-015-9348-x
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microenvironment of a tumor has emerged recently as a critical contributor to the development of cancer. Within this environment, fibroblasts and immune cells are the cell lineages that seem to be active mediators of tumour development. The activated fibroblasts that are also present during wound healing and chron...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-014-9326-8
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::T cell immunity in breast cancer is suggested to play a role in tumor dormancy, a period of stability which can correspond to the time interval between primary treatment and tumor recurrence. Bone marrow in breast cancer patients seems to be particularly important because it is highly enriched with cancer specific mem...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1020308104613
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mouse has emerged as a primary animal model for human breast cancer because the mammary glands of the two species are very similar in structure and function. In this regard the TDLU and LA have similar morphology. The mouse, infected by MMTV, develops "spontaneous" tumors with specific but limited tumor phenotypes...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1018712905244
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Male breast cancer is a rare disease and clinical or epidemiological data are available from only a relatively few cases. Nonetheless, both similarities and discrepancies are apparent between breast cancer in men and women. For example, lobular and mucinous carcinomas are seldom seen in men. Tumors in men more often d...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1009546811429
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), a major regulator of the mononuclear phagocytic lineage, is expressed in more than 70% of human breast cancers and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. Studies of CSF-1 null mutant mice demonstrated that CSF-1 plays an important role in normal mammary ductal developmen...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1020399802795
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mouse model for breast cancer has developed into a most effective means of dissecting and understanding this devastating disease. The inbred transgenic mouse lends itself to biological, molecular, immunological, and genetic studies. The observation, dissection, transplantation, and subsequent amplification of prec...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-008-9088-2
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The differentiation and function of mammary epithelial cells is dependent upon the combined action of growth factor/hormone receptors and integrin receptors, which act in concert to control the signals required for normal cell function. It is now becoming clear that integrin receptors also contribute to carcinoma cell...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1018766317055
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathways are major regulators during mammary gland development, function and tumorigenesis. Predominantly, they have opposing roles in proliferation and apoptosis. While ERα signaling supports growth and differentiation and is antiapoptotic, ma...
journal_title:Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s10911-011-9203-7
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00