Screening, diagnosis, and management of dyslipoproteinemia in children.

abstract：:Adrenal venous sampling is the gold standard test to identify surgically curable primary aldosteronism, but it is markedly underused in clinical practice being perceived as a technically challenging and invasive procedure and, moreover, as difficult to interpret. This review provides updated information on current ind...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rossi GP,Maiolino G,Seccia TM

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of morphologic and physiologic changes accompany pregnancy such as an increase in lactotrophs and prolactin production, and a decrease in gonadotropins and GH. The hormonal milieu can affect patients with prolactinomas, especially macroadenomas, to cause an increase in size in a minority of patients. Complica...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Prager D,Braunstein GD

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mediators of neuroendocrine and autonomic function seem to play important roles in the core symptoms of major depression. Although centrally directed corticotropin-releasing hormones and norepinephrine contribute to core symptoms such as alterations in anxiety, arousal, and mood, they also exert significant potentiall...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gold PW,Gabry KE,Yasuda MR,Chrousos GP

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diuretics and beta-blockers have a strong tendency to affect serum lipids adversely, whereas the peripherally acting alpha-blocking agents consistently result in beneficial effects. Most of the other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and drugs that ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Donahoo WT,Kosmiski LA,Eckel RH

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article covers considerations in the etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is discussed, with particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism and the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Clinical features of hypercalcemia are also discussed. Therapy of hypercalcemia is co...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bilezikian JP

更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike other pituitary hormones, PRL is under tonic inhibition by the hypothalamus by way of the PRL inhibitory factor, dopamine. GAP and GABA may also be inhibitory. PRL-releasing factors include TRH and VIP and possibly others. Circulating PRL is predominantly monomeric, although some patients with hyperprolactinemi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Molitch ME

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cardiovascular disease is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. In the last 2 decades, great strides have been made in reducing microvascular complications in patients with diabetes through improving glycemic control. Decreasing rates of cardiovascular events have proved to be more difficult than simply intensi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Szuszkiewicz-Garcia MM,Davidson JA

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty w...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Xing Y,Lerario AM,Rainey W,Hammer GD

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores many of the ophthalmologic aspects of thyroid-related orbitopathy. The eight main areas of clinical concern--ocular comfort, optic nerve function, exophthalmos, eyelid position, diplopia, cosmesis, soft-tissue signs, and psychologic factors--are discussed so that practitioners may be more secure ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gladstone GJ

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in the genetics of the family of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) enzymes have helped in the understanding of the molecular basis and hormonal phenotype of bona fide 3 beta-HSD deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This article revisits the clinical spectra of 3 beta-HSD defi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Pang S

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Sherman SI

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The last 2 decades have seen tremendous growth in understanding the clinical characteristics of various childhood bone disorders, their mechanisms and natural histories, and their responses to treatment. In this review, the authors describe advances in bone assessment techniques for children. In addition, they provide...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ward LM,Konji VN

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With building pressure for cost-containment of medical expenditures, the medical community is finding it increasingly necessary to justify its procedures and systems of care. The analysis of health care outcomes has been extensively applied to diabetes care as a means of determining the process by which optimal outcom...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ratner RE

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is a hereditary form of primary hyperaldosteronism and the most common monogenic cause of hypertension. A chimeric gene duplication leads to ectopic aldosterone synthase activity in the cortisol-producing zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, under the regulation of adre...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Halperin F,Dluhy RG

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy and procedures may face specific skin conditions. Skin diseases in transgender patients often are underdiagnosed and underrecognized despite their important impact on quality of life and mental health. This article discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis, and...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Yeung H,Kahn B,Ly BC,Tangpricha V

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laboratory tests are the most commonly used aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals who have thyroid disease. This article briefly summarizes the common methods of laboratory testing relating to thyroid disease and discusses specific information for individual tests on methods of analysis, their limitation...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Dufour DR

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Surgical intervention is a necessary part of a multimodal approach to pituitary lesions. This article summarizes the surgical approach to different neoplastic processes affecting the sellar region. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Chandler WF,Barkan AL

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The familial and genetic nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) syndrome was first pointed out by Wermer in 1954, who suggested that an autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance controls the trait. The clinical picture is variable, depending mainly on which glands are involved and whether the tumors ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Larsson C,Friedman E

更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional therapy of hypoparathyroidism consists of oral calcium and either activated vitamin D or vitamin D supplements at varying doses. Although adjusting dosing of calcium and/or activated vitamin D or vitamin D itself, the serum calcium should be obtained weekly or monthly depending on the clinical situation. ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Babey M,Brandi ML,Shoback D

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare but one of the most malignant endocrine tumors. This article reviews and summarizes the current knowledge about the treatment of ACC. The epidemiology and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of ACC are briefly outlined. The different diagnostic tools to distinguish beni...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ranvier GG,Inabnet WB 3rd

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only two drugs are currently approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity and four others for short-term use. Evaluating the risk-benefit profile is an essential first step. For individuals who have a low body mass index for whom the risk is small, the risk profile must make the drug acceptable for almost ev...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bray GA

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoids mainly act through binding to cytosolic receptors that translocate to the nucleus after ligand binding, and dimerize to affect gene transcription in multiple fashions. The liganded receptors may interact with DNA at specific glucocorticoid responsive-elements, may physically hinder the ability of other...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Yanovski JA,Cutler GB Jr

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This systematic review highlights the uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoid withdrawal in many chronic diseases, elucidating the need for further research in this area. The problem of glucocorticoid withdrawal seems to be good example for wide variation in physicians' approaches to weaning patien...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Richter B,Neises G,Clar C

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pheochromocytomas cause the most dramatic life-threatening crises in all of endocrinology. Pheochromocytoma is an explosive clinical syndrome that may be characterized by either severe hypertension associated with cerebral, cardiac, and renal complications or hypotension, or even shock and sudden death. Other emergenc...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bravo EL,Gifford RW Jr

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications have been reviewed. Hyperglycemia-induced mechanisms that may induce vascular dysfunction in specific sites of diabetic microvascular damage include increased polyol pathway flux, altered cellular redox state, increased formation of diacy...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： King GL,Brownlee M

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ginsberg HN

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Weight gain can be a significant barrier to the treatment of diabetes. Insulin detemir is a basal insulin analog that can help patients move safely toward glycemic targets with less weight gain. This review discusses the potential adverse effects of, and hypothesis for, weight gain resulting from intensive insulin man...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bush MA

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Statins are widely used in secondary and primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. They reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, and have an excellent safety record. Recent case reports suggest a possible association between statins and adverse effects on cognition. This article reviews recent l...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Rojas-Fernandez C,Hudani Z,Bittner V

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocrinopathies are significant consequences of the treatment of childhood cancers. The risk of developing these adverse events is related to the underlying disease and its treatment with cytotoxic agents and radiation therapy. This article reviews hypothalamic-pituitary, thyroid, and gonadal dysfunction, as well as ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Cohen LE

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a novel method that assesses skeletal texture from spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS improves fracture-risk prediction beyond that provided by DXA bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors, and can be incorporated to the Word Health Organization Fracture...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Silva BC,Leslie WD

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00