X-chromosome epigenetic reprogramming in pluripotent stem cells via noncoding genes.

Abstract:

:Acquisition of the pluripotent state coincides with epigenetic reprogramming of the X-chromosome. Female embryonic stem cells are characterized by the presence of two active X-chromosomes, cell differentiation by inactivation of one of the two Xs, and induced pluripotent stem cells by reactivation of the inactivated X-chromosome in the originating somatic cell. The tight linkage between X- and stem cell reprogramming occurs through pluripotency factors acting on noncoding genes of the X-inactivation center. This review article will discuss the latest advances in our understanding at the molecular level. Mouse embryonic stem cells provide a standard for defining the pluripotent ground state, which is characterized by low levels of the noncoding Xist RNA and the absence of heterochromatin marks on the X-chromosome. Human pluripotent stem cells, however, exhibit X-chromosome epigenetic instability that may have implications for their use in regenerative medicine. XIST RNA and heterochromatin marks on the X-chromosome indicate whether human pluripotent stem cells are developmentally 'naïve', with characteristics of the pluripotent ground state. X-chromosome status and determination thereof via noncoding RNA expression thus provide valuable benchmarks of the epigenetic quality of pluripotent stem cells, an important consideration given their enormous potential for stem cell therapy.

journal_name

Semin Cell Dev Biol

authors

Kim DH,Jeon Y,Anguera MC,Lee JT

doi

10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.025

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2011-06-01 00:00:00

pages

336-42

issue

4

eissn

1084-9521

issn

1096-3634

pii

S1084-9521(11)00038-3

journal_volume

22

pub_type

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