Abstract:
:Acquisition of the pluripotent state coincides with epigenetic reprogramming of the X-chromosome. Female embryonic stem cells are characterized by the presence of two active X-chromosomes, cell differentiation by inactivation of one of the two Xs, and induced pluripotent stem cells by reactivation of the inactivated X-chromosome in the originating somatic cell. The tight linkage between X- and stem cell reprogramming occurs through pluripotency factors acting on noncoding genes of the X-inactivation center. This review article will discuss the latest advances in our understanding at the molecular level. Mouse embryonic stem cells provide a standard for defining the pluripotent ground state, which is characterized by low levels of the noncoding Xist RNA and the absence of heterochromatin marks on the X-chromosome. Human pluripotent stem cells, however, exhibit X-chromosome epigenetic instability that may have implications for their use in regenerative medicine. XIST RNA and heterochromatin marks on the X-chromosome indicate whether human pluripotent stem cells are developmentally 'naïve', with characteristics of the pluripotent ground state. X-chromosome status and determination thereof via noncoding RNA expression thus provide valuable benchmarks of the epigenetic quality of pluripotent stem cells, an important consideration given their enormous potential for stem cell therapy.
journal_name
Semin Cell Dev Bioljournal_title
Seminars in cell & developmental biologyauthors
Kim DH,Jeon Y,Anguera MC,Lee JTdoi
10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.025subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-06-01 00:00:00pages
336-42issue
4eissn
1084-9521issn
1096-3634pii
S1084-9521(11)00038-3journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Sex-determination is commonly categorized as either "genetic" or "environmental"-a classification that obscures the origin of this dichotomy and the evolution of sex-determining factors. The current focus on static outcomes of sex-determination provides little insight into the dynamic developmental processes by which ...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.013
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The members of the large family of claudin proteins regulate ion and water flux across the tight junction. Many claudins, e.g. claudins 2 and 15, accomplish this by forming size- and charge-selective paracellular channels. Claudins also appear to be essential for genesis of tight junction strands and recruitment of ot...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.008
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mature skeletal muscle forms from the fusion of skeletal muscle precursor cells, myoblasts. Myoblasts fuse to other myoblasts to generate multinucleate myotubes during myogenesis, and myoblasts also fuse to other myotubes during muscle growth and repair. Proteins within myoblasts and myotubes regulate complex processe...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.026
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell signaling is essential for cells to adequately respond to their environment. One of the most evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways is that of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Transmembrane receptors with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity are activated by the binding of their corresponding l...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.011
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular matrix (ECM) of blood vessels, which is composed of both the vascular basement membrane (BM) and the interstitial ECM is identified as a crucial component of the vasculature. We here focus on the unique molecular composition and scaffolding of the capillary ECM, which provides structural support to b...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.007
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial patterns of neuronal connectivity are critical for neural circuit function and information processing. For many neuron types, the development of stereotyped dendritic and axonal territories involves reiterative contacts between neurites and successive re-calibration of branch outgrowth and directionality. Here...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.040
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding how some animals are immortal and avoid the ageing process is important. We currently know very little about how they achieve this. Research with genetic model systems has revealed the existence of conserved genetic pathways and molecular processes that affect longevity. Most of these established model o...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.028
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphatic contractile dysfunction is central to a number of pathologies that affect millions of people worldwide. Due to its critical role in the process of inflammation, a dysfunctional lymphatic system also compromises the immune response, further exacerbating a number of inflammation related diseases. Despite the c...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.005
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drosophila Rhomboid-1 was discovered to be the first known intramembrane serine protease about 7 years ago. The study of the rhomboid-like family has since blossomed, and the purpose of this review is to take stock of where the field is, and how it may progress in the next few years. Three major themes are the increas...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.10.006
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence has highlighted the critical role of early life environment in shaping the future health outcomes of an individual. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that early life perturbations can affect the health of subsequent generations. Hypothesized mechanisms of multi- and transgenerational inheritan...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.008
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The urinary collecting system is derived from an epithelial protrusion arising from the Wolffian duct called the ureteric bud (UB) by the signal from its inductive tissue, metanephric mesenchyme (MM). Targeted gene mutation studies have shown that several transcription factors and MM-secreted glial cell line-derived n...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1084-9521(03)00024-7
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) proteins are a large and diverse family initially identified as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) of heterotrimeric G-protein Galpha-subunits. At least some can also influence Galpha activity through either effector antagonism or by acting as guanine nucleotide dissociation inh...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.03.005
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The notion of feedback is fundamental for understanding signal transduction networks. Feedback loops attenuate or amplify signals, change the network dynamics and modify the input-output relationships between the signal and the target. Negative feedback provides robustness to noise and adaptation to perturbations, but...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.024
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::At fertilisation, Ca(2+) signals activate embryonic development by stimulating metabolism, exocytosis and endocytosis, cytoskeletal remodelling, meiotic resumption and recruitment of maternal RNAs. Mitochondria present in large number in eggs have long been thought to act as a relay in Ca(2+) signalling at fertilisati...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.02.009
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epithelial cell organization relies on a set of proteins that interact in an intricate way and which are called polarity complexes. These complexes are involved in the determination of the apico-basal axis and in the positioning and stability of the cell-cell junctions called adherens junctions at the apico-lateral bo...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.018
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses have evolved strategies to evade immunity mediated by antibody and complement. Herpesviruses and coronaviruses encode IgG Fc binding proteins that inhibit IgG activity, enabling the virus or infected cell to escape antibody attack. Herpesviruses, vaccinia virus and HIV-1 have the capacity to interfere with com...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1006/scdb.1998.0242
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lipid droplets (LDs) are versatile organelles with central roles in lipid and energy metabolism in all eukaryotes. They primarily buffer excess fatty acids by storing them as neutral lipids, mainly triglycerides and steryl esters. The neutral lipids form a core, surrounded by a unique phospholipid monolayer coated wit...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.001
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Yeast provides an attractive system in which to study proprotein processing. Many of their processing events are remarkably similar to those in higher eukaryotes and their amenability to experimental manipulation permits approaches that are not always feasible in multicellular organisms. Analysing the biosynthesis of ...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/scdb.1997.0197
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Correct orientation of the mitotic spindle is crucial for the proper segregation of localized determinants and the correct spatial organization of cells in early embryos. The cues dividing cells use to orient their mitotic spindles are currently the subject of intensive investigation in a number of model systems. One ...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.04.005
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Paramutation was initially described in maize and was defined as an epigenetic interaction between two alleles of a locus, through which one allele induces a heritable modification of the other allele without modifying the DNA sequence [1,2]. Thus it implies that the paramutated allele conserves its new properties on ...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.009
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex mixture of structural and functional proteins and serves an important role in tissue and organ morphogenesis, maintenance of cell and tissue structure and function, and in the host response to injury. Xenogeneic and allogeneic ECM has been used as a bioscaffold for ...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1084952102000940
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::From the mid-19th century until the 1980's, frogs and toads provided important research models for many fundamental questions in visual neuroscience. In the present century, they have been largely neglected. Yet they are animals with highly developed vision, a complex retina built on the basic vertebrate plan, an acce...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.011
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glyoxalase system consists of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal (CH(3)COCHO), a metabolite derived from glycolysis, with glutathione to S-D-lactoylglutathione, while glyoxalase II hydrolyses this glutathione thiolester to D-lactic acid and glutathione. Since met...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.002
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The developmental processes that give rise to the animal body plan are exceedingly complex. Model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster have yielded profound insight into roles of conserved genes and genetic pathways in development. Drosophila development begins with the formation of sperm and eggs, and proceeds thr...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.02.006
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, novel functions for a number of nuclear factors have been uncovered in the cytoplasm, mainly at the level of translation. These factors behave as multifunctional regulators of gene expression and many play key roles in cell differentiation and development. One of the best characterized examples is tha...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/scdb.1997.0181
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ontogenetic series of extinct taxa are extremely rare and when preserved often incomplete and difficult to interpret. However, the fossil record of amphibians includes a number of well-preserved ontogenetic sequences for temnospondyl and lepospondyl taxa, which have provided valuable information about the development ...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.001
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the first implication of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway in stereocilia orientation of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea, much has been written about this subject, in terms of understanding how this pathway can shape the mammalian hair cells and using the inner ear as a model system to unde...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.012
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza viral particles are enveloped by a lipid bilayer. A major step in infection is fusion of the viral and host cellular membranes, a process with large kinetic barriers. Influenza membrane fusion is catalyzed by hemagglutinin (HA), a class I viral fusion protein activated by low pH. The exact nature of the HA c...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.007
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ABC model postulates that expression combinations of three classes of genes (A, B and C) specify the four floral organs at early stages of flower development. This classic model provides a solid framework to study flower development and has been the foundation for multiple studies in different plant species, as we...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.010
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, have been implicated as important signaling molecules in vertebrate development, primarily due to numerous gain-of-function experiments involving treatment of embryos with exogenous retinoic acid. Collectively, the results from these experiments suggested that retinoids we...
journal_title:Seminars in cell & developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/scdb.1997.0165
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00