Abstract：
:Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring, using somatosensory, brainstem auditory, and visual evoked potentials, transcranial electric motor stimulation, and electromyography, is typically used during complex surgeries involving the motor and sensory cortex, brainstem, cranial nerves, spinal cord, nerve root, peripheral roots, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and peripheral nerves. The particular type of surgery and the neurologic structures at risk determine the type of monitoring chosen. Although many methods are the same in adult and pediatric patients, some differences in the pediatric population will be discussed here. In general, monitoring consists of two types. The first involves monitoring data which is obtained on an ongoing basis, with comparisons to data obtained at the outset of surgery (baseline). The second form of monitoring involves mapping neural structures, so that a neural structure in the field is identified accurately, to avoid injuring it, or to demonstrate its degree of neurophysiologic function or impairment. In this paper we discuss both forms of monitoring and their general applications, including unique features or modifications needed in the pediatric population.
journal_name
Pediatr Neuroljournal_title
Pediatric neurologyauthors
Galloway GM,Zamel Kdoi
10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.11.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-03-01 00:00:00pages
161-70issue
3eissn
0887-8994issn
1873-5150pii
S0887-8994(10)00527-8journal_volume
44pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus causes a severe meningoencephalitis with high morbidity and mortality. Despite numerous clinical reports of EEE, there are only 11 patients in whom cranial computed tomographic (CT) findings are described. In 6 patients, CT was normal and in 5 patients diffuse edema was present;...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(92)90013-o
更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Herpes simplex virus encephalitis can manifest as a range of clinical presentations including classic adult, neonatal, and biphasic chronic-granulomatous herpes encephalitis. METHOD:We report an infant with granulomatous herpes simplex virus type 2 encephalitis with a subacute course and multicystic encepha...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.12.008
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Corpus callosum atrophy has been associated with cognitive and motor deficits in elderly people. However, the role of the corpus callosum in infant development is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of corpus callosum size on motor development in infants. METHODS:We investigated cerebral...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.012
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonuniform pathologic changes in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy were previously reported only in adult humans. We analyzed the pathologic features of 12 children, aged 2-17 years, with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Six patients manifested a preceding illness. Five patients prese...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.04.001
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 6-year-old, previously healthy male presented with fever and lethargy. Tuberculous meningitis was suspected after cerebrospinal fluid examination. Antituberculous drugs were administered, and an initial computed tomographic scan of brain revealed mild ventriculomegaly only. Steroids were instituted on day 16 and gra...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.05.008
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Encephalopathy has been demonstrated to be associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. In this study, the data on all patients less than 14 years of age hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis over the past 4 years was reviewed. Patients who had concomitant diagnoses consistent with ...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.01.010
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amphetamine-derived medications are being prescribed with increasing frequency to younger pediatric patients to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although choreiform movements were reported in adults with amphetamine abuse and in those under therapeutic treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disor...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.013
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although cerebral palsy is reported to have a higher prevalence in low-resource settings, there are few studies describing risk factors for cerebral palsy in these settings. A better understanding of the unique risk factors affecting children with cerebral palsy in low-resource settings could optimize both r...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.014
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An optimal botulinum toxin dose may be related to the volume of the targeted muscle. We investigated the suitability of using ultrasound and anthropometry to estimate gastrocnemius and soleus muscle volume. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle thickness was measured in 11 cadaveric human legs, using ultrasound. Lower leg l...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.05.019
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The patient is a 10-year-old male who experienced somnolence and incomplete quadriplegia after headache and vomiting, without exanthema, for 3 days. The clinical course and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the brain and spinal cord were compatible with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The serologic examinat...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00005-3
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report a previously undescribed electroencephalographic pattern of epochs of diffuse delta background (85-240 sec) alternating with epochs of classic "burst suppression" (90-270 sec) in a 13-month-old girl with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. A dramatic electroencephalographic improvement was evident on continuous monit...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(90)90120-p
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We aimed to define the dose of pirfenidone in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis 1 and plexiform neurofibromas that is pharmacokinetically comparable to the active adult dose. Pirfenidone was administered orally on a continuous dosing schedule. The starting dose level was 250 mg/m2/dose. The second dose l...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.01.009
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system is an aggressive infantile embryonal neoplasm, usually presenting as an infratentorial and intraparenchymatous lesion. We report on magnetic resonance imaging findings of a 22-month-old boy with a biopsy-proven primary rhabdoid tumor, presenting as a si...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.019
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The juvenile form of GM1 gangliosidosis lacks specific physical findings and thus is often a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. T2 hypodensity in the globus pallidus is a characteristic radiographic sign of neurodegeneration with iron accumulation in the brain that is observed in GM1 gangliosidosis, but th...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.09.022
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chromosome X-to-autosome translocations [t(X;A)] are rare rearrangements with an estimated occurrence of 1 to 3 per 10,000 live births. Occurrences of Xq duplications have been observed in male and female subjects in whom the X chromosome segment escapes inactivation and results in functional disomy. We report a case ...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.10.007
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four patients with the classic form and 1 patient with the connatal form of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease were studied with magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and multimodal evoked potentials, including brainstem auditory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, and visual evoked potentials....
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(94)00124-k
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A neuropathologic study was undertaken to examine associated brain damage in patients with fetal and neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). In PHH the association of periventricular leukomalacia and pontosubicular necrosis was not increased, but that of cerebellar subarachnoid hemorrhage and olivo-cerebellar pa...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(95)00183-g
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The complications of 50 Chinese children with neurofibromatosis-1 were found to be different from other ethnic groups. There was a predominance of scoliosis, speech problems, and blood malignancies, but brain tumors were rare. The majority had good prognosis. Clinical manifestations depend on the age of ascertainment ...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(94)90006-x
更新日期：1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to predict long-term neurologic and neuropsychologic outcomes in 22 children, ages 1 week to 14 years at the time of traumatic brain injury, was investigated using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy acquired post injury and compared with standardized neurologic, intellectual, and neuropsychologic testi...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(02)00491-5
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study is to compare the neurodevelopmental outcome between very low birth weight infants with and without sonographic disproportionate enlargement of occipital horn. We retrospectively reviewed the brain sonography of all very low birth weight infants born at National Taiwan University Hospital b...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(03)00411-9
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Excessive gum-chewing is underreported as a headache precipitant in children and adolescents. We evaluated the influence of daily excessive gum-chewing in older children and teenagers with chronic headache, emphasizing the impact of habit discontinuation and its reintroduction. METHODS:Patients with chronic...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.015
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Magnetic resonance imaging and evoked potential studies were performed on an infant with hydranencephaly. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the absence of cortical tissue with a structurally intact mid- and hind-brain. Evoked potentials confirmed the loss of cortical activity with preservation of brainstem funct...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(88)90010-0
更新日期：1988-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Uniform diagnostic criteria for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis did not exist until publication of expert-defined consensus definitions by the International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Society Group in 2007, with upda...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.017
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epilepsia partialis continua is defined as a spontaneous regular or irregular clonic muscular twitching affecting a limited part of the body, occurring for a minimum of 1 hour and recurring at intervals of less than 10 seconds. Levamisole is used as an immunomodulating medication in patients with recurrent aphthous ul...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.11.020
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Fontan operation is one of the most common cardiac operations for children with congenital heart disease beyond the first year of age. Although the surgical mortality of this procedure has improved over the past 2 decades, the neurologic outcome in this population is not well described. We performed a retrospectiv...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(95)00027-d
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A five-year-old white male presented with a history of progressive loss of vision that was subsequently followed by progressive corticospinal dysfunction. Evaluation revealed the presence of leukodystrophy which was confirmed by a deficiency of the enzyme, galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. We present the clinical...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(85)80009-6
更新日期：1985-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Colloid cysts of the third ventricle are benign intracranial tumors that usually become symptomatic in adults, rather than in children. Rare hemorrhages in these cysts can cause acute obstructive hydrocephalus and sudden death. We report a novel pediatric case of hemorrhagic colloid cyst in a 9-year-old girl who prese...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.02.004
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 13-year-old female is described with presumed viral encephalitis, who developed progressive catatonia, agitation, and autonomic dysfunction. The diagnosis of malignant catatonia was made, and the patient improved with electroconvulsive treatment. This article discusses features, causes, differential diagnosis, and t...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.10.004
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two visually impaired children with occipital infarctions are presented. One patient has profound impairment of his primary visual pathway but has good vision for traveling, while the other child presented with the symptoms in reverse. We believe that these two patients provide further evidence that the primary visual...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(86)90079-2
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A group of children and adolescents with infantile nephropathic cystinosis underwent cognitive testing and were examined for cortical atrophy using magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Ten of 11 patients demonstrated cortical atrophy. A consistent pattern of lower cognitive performance was found in patie...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(90)90004-k
更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00
