Abstract：
:The multifaceted pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves complex interactions between the immune and the central nervous systems which provide a multitude of targets for therapeutic interventions. Current therapies for MS are only partially effective. One potential strategy to increase treatment efficacy is the combination of two or more drugs with complementary mechanisms of action, which may result in additive or synergistic therapeutic effects. In this review, we discuss the rationale and requirements and review the evidence for combination therapy in MS from in-vitro experiments, animal studies and clinical trials. Encouraging experience to date and further well-designed clinical trials with combination therapy may lead to the implementation of specific combinations of drugs in the treatment of MS.
journal_name
J Neuroimmunoljournal_title
Journal of neuroimmunologyauthors
Milo R,Panitch Hdoi
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.021subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-02-01 00:00:00pages
23-31issue
1-2eissn
0165-5728issn
1872-8421pii
S0165-5728(10)00471-6journal_volume
231pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Using simultaneous dual direct immunofluorescence the effect of high dose intravenous methylprednisolone on the expression of T lymphocyte differentiation antigens in paired cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood samples of nine clinically active patients with multiple sclerosis was studied. Corticosteroid treatment...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(91)90043-7
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The central nervous system plays an active role in the regulation of the immune system. Modulation of immune activities appears to be in part under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We investigated the effect of a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, arecoline, which stimulates the secretion of ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(95)00025-w
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have analyzed a CA repeat polymorphism localized 46-kb upstream of the Fas ligand gene in Spanish and American populations that include 139 healthy controls and a cohort of 177 unrelated relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The MS patients consisted of two groups, one with a family history of M...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00309-5
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:beta-Endorphin 1-31 and several structurally related peptides were tested for their ability to alter mitogen-induced T cell proliferation. Rat beta-endorphin 1-31 and human beta-endorphin 1-27 increased phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation into rat lymph node cells. However, when PHA-induced pr...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(90)90167-l
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study the effect of long-term selective sensory vs. sympathetic denervation was examined in the rat lung. Immunoreactivities for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the one hand and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) on the other, were used as indexes to assess the changes in the two nerve systems. Following long...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(90)90155-g
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study reports on the immunocytochemical localization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in immune-mediated demyelination and Wallerian degeneration of the rat peripheral nervous system (PNS) using teased nerve fiber preparations. In experimental autoimmune neuritis induced by active immunization (EAN) or ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(93)90178-2
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the effects of interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) on specific response towards two immunodominant MBP peptides and on global production of IgG. We evaluated 54 sera from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients at baseline and 1 year after treatment. We did not observe any modification of immune response to the ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00204-7
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) occurs as a non-metastatic manifestation of cancer in a small proportion of patients with certain breast or gynaecological tumours, and is characterised by widespread Purkinje cell loss. Antibodies against a Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antigen, called Yo, that is expressed by...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00445-8
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Narcolepsy was first shown to be tightly associated with HLA-DR2 and DQ1 in 1983, suggesting a possible autoimmune mechanism. Early investigations failed to demonstrate this hypothesis, postulating that HLA-DR2 was only a linkage marker for another, unknown narcolepsy-causing gene. The autoimmune hypothesis is now bei...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00333-2
更新日期：2001-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Employing immunohistochemical techniques and a panel of monoclonal antibodies that recognize rat cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage, we have demonstrated that cells labeled with these antibodies are widely distributed throughout the parenchyma of the rat brain. These cells have a remarkable microglial morphology and...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(90)90161-f
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To investigate immune mechanisms in the etiology of idiopathic sensory neuronopathy (ISN), we studied neurite outgrowth inhibition and antibody binding to neuronal tissue of serum from 4 patients with ISN. Rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells were cultured in the presence of serum from ISN patients and controls. After...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00225-1
更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) are important mediators of a variety of pathological processes, including inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cytokines and chemokines are detected at mRNA level in human and animal ischemic brains. This suggests that hypoxia/reoxygenation may induce cytokine production t...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00374-x
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) functions as a ligand in receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoprotein particles and has been demonstrated to play a role in antigen presentation. To explore the contribution of ApoE during autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, we examined the clinical, cellular immune function,...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.010
更新日期：2014-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:SJL/J mice were infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) (VVplp). Antibody responses to whole PLP and to encephalitogenic peptides, p139-151, p178-191 or p104-117 were measured after vaccination and following challenge with these three PLP peptides. Competitive ELISAs showed...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00235-4
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated whether glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment may affect Th1 differentiation at various T-cell maturation stages. Specifically, we analyzed the effect of in vivo GA treatment on intracellular synthesis of IL-2 and TNF-alpha by naive, memory and effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by five-colour flow cytomet...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.12.014
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes the participation of the immune system. To identify antigenic targets in AD, we screened a human microvascular endothelial cell cDNA library with sera from patients with AD, and we identified rabaptin 5 (RABPT5). We detected serum IgG specific to RABPT5 in 65% of p...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.027
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:VV(PLP) is a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) that has been used to investigate molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. Since virus infections can cause bystander activation, mice were first infected with VV(PLP), and later challenged with wild-type VV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.012
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lewis (LEW) and DA rats are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP), but respond to different epitopes. The dominant epitope for LEW rats is MBP73-86, and disease is mediated primarily by Vbeta8.2 Th1 cells. DA rats lack conventional Vbet...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00244-2
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunoelectron microscopical techniques have been used to study class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression by cells in the spinal cords of Biozzi AB/H mice with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Throughout the course of disease both astrocytes and endothelia failed to express s...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(91)90032-3
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are often associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, yet the impact of virus replication and immune cell recruitment on BBB integrity are incompletely understood. Using two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate that Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.04.008
更新日期：2017-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The blocking of disease-associated antibodies by anti-idiotype antibodies present in IVIg has been proposed as an action mechanism. Anti-GM1 antibodies have been implicated in motor neuropathies. Although IVIg is frequently...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00276-3
更新日期：2000-06-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The present work examined the effects induced by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dB-cAMP) on microglial cells in primary glial cell cultures from newborn rats. Microglial cells were identified by OX42 immunohistochemistry and nucleoside diphosphatase histochemistry. Double staining for astrocytes was carried...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00074-4
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We previously reported that interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibited proliferation of a human astrocytic cell line derived from non-neoplastic adult cortex. To determine whether this effect was receptor-associated and/or limited to only non-neoplastic astrocytes, we examined IL-4 responsiveness and receptor expression in human ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(95)00055-7
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a critical cytokine in the development of monocytic lineage and may have immunoregulatory properties. Here we show that peritoneal antigen presenting cells (APCs) treated with M-CSF produced decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-12. Th...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.021
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacterial meningitis is - despite therapeutical progress during the last decades - still characterized by high mortality and severe permanent neurogical sequelae. The brain is protected from penetrating pathogens by both the blood-brain barrier and the innate immune system. Invading pathogens are recognized by so-call...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.003
更新日期：2016-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Nogo-A is a protein associated with central nervous system (CNS) myelin thought to impair regenerative responses and to suppress sprouting and plastic changes of synaptic terminals. In this study, we report that serum IgM autoantibodies to the recombinant large N-terminal inhibitory domain of Nogo-A are a frequent fin...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.09.010
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure of newborn mice to Gross murine leukemia virus (GMuLV) results in persistent viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) white matter. Animals exposed to virus as neonates showed a marked depression in GMuLV-specific B lymphocyte function as evidenced by significant decreases in adult and neonatal ant...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-5728(91)90093-m
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging is associated with increased glial responsiveness that may enhance the brain's susceptibility to injury and disease. To determine whether unique age-related molecular responses occur in brain injury, we assessed mRNA levels of representative central nervous system (CNS) inflammation-related molecules in young (3...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00404-0
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone is FDA-approved for treatment of type-2 diabetes due to insulin sensitizing effects. However pioglitazone has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, reduces glial and T-cell activation, and reduces signs in an animal model of multiple sc...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.011
更新日期：2009-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：:We here evaluated the central dopaminergic response in sepsis survivor rats using the administration of D-amphetamine. Male Wistar rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or were sham-operated. After 10 days of recovery, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of D-amphetamine 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg or sali...
journal_title：Journal of neuroimmunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.005
更新日期：2009-07-25 00:00:00
