Abstract:
:Aside from their pharmacokinetic properties, e.g. their speed of action and the duration of residual effects, benzodiazepines are still considered as equivalent in terms of their effects on cognition. Here we review evidence suggesting that certain benzodiazepines, especially lorazepam, differ in a number of respects, in particular with respect to their effects on cognition. We focus this review on memory, attention and visual perception, where impairments may be brought about by only a subset of benzodiazepines in spite of their administration at doses inducing similar sedative effects. This precludes an explanation in terms of sedation. Differences in the effects of benzodiazepines have also been found in electrophysiological and animal behavioural studies. These studies are important for therapeutic approaches for two reasons: first, effects of benzodiazepine prescription on cognitive functions will differ according to the benzodiazepine, contrary to what is usually believed. Less straightforwardly are the possible therapeutic implications of specific effects on cognition following treatment with lorazepam. Indeed, the specific effects this drug has on cognition may reveal not only side-effects but also effects of potential therapeutic value. Current research concentrates on a fine scale analysis of the effects of GABA on different sub-types of GABA(A) receptors. We suggest that from looking at what makes lorazepam different in a behavioural sense from other benzodiazepines we may be in a position to design innovative treatments for major aspects of complex disorders, including schizophrenia.
journal_name
Pharmacol Therjournal_title
Pharmacology & therapeuticsauthors
Giersch A,Boucart M,Elliott M,Vidailhet Pdoi
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.01.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-04-01 00:00:00pages
94-108issue
1eissn
0163-7258issn
1879-016Xpii
S0163-7258(10)00010-0journal_volume
126pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The vascular system develops during embryonic development by at least two distinct processes; vasculogenesis is the development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating angioblasts and angiogenesis is the sprouting of capillaries from pre-existing vessels. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of th...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(91)90066-u
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organic anion transporters (OATs), which belong to the superfamily SLC22A, are key determinants in the absorption, distribution, and excretion of a diverse array of environmental toxins, and clinically important drugs, and, therefore, are critical for the survival of mammalian species. Alteration in the function of th...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.08.002
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is effective, although it does not permanently suppress viral replication in all patients. Viral persistence, drug toxicity, and antiretroviral resistance are challenging barriers to successful treatment of HIV-1 infection. It has become increasingl...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.007
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors are a class of lipid-lowering medications, with a major activity on plasma cholesterol levels, now enjoying a vast popularity among physicians and patients. These drugs, affecting a very early and key step of sterol biosynthesis, differ to a large extent ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(93)90031-8
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein phosphorylation is the major post-translational modification used by eukaryotic cells to control cellular signaling. Protein kinases have emerged as attractive drug targets because heightened protein kinase activity has been associated with several proliferative diseases, most notably cancer and restenosis. Un...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(98)00060-6
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer research has been focusing so far on genetic alterations in protein-coding genes. However, mounting evidence underlines the importance of epigenetic and post-transcriptional events in cancer progression and therapy resistance. Moreover, recent genome-wide studies show that disease-causing mutations and chromoso...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.04.001
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heme, a complex of iron and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), senses and utilizes oxygen in nearly all living cells. It is an essential component of various hemoproteins, including those involved in oxygen transport and storage (hemoglobin, myoglobin), electron transfer, drug and steroid metabolism (cytochromes), and signal t...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.001
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several amphetamine analogs are potent psychostimulants and major drugs of abuse. In animal models, the psychomotor and reinforcing effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy), and methylphenidate (MPD; Ritalin) are thought to be dependent on increased extracellula...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.004
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder with estimates of 2-5% of the general adult population. Nonetheless, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Furthermore, there exist few therapeutic options for its effective treatment. Here we review the current state of binge-eating neurobiology an...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.002
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dysregulation of inflammation is central to the pathogenesis of innumerable human diseases. Understanding and tracking the critical events in inflammation are crucial for disease monitoring and pharmacological drug discovery and development. Recent progress in molecular imaging has provided novel insights into spatial...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.006
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::QT interval prolongation, corrected for heart rate (QTc), either spontaneous or drug-induced, is associated with an increased risk of torsades de pointes and sudden death. Women have longer QTc than men and are at higher risk of torsades de pointes, particularly during post-partum and the follicular phase. Men with pe...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.005
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of neuronal functions, including synaptic plasticity, depend on proper regulation of synaptic proteins, many of which can be rapidly regulated by phosphorylation. Neuronal activity controls the function of these synaptic proteins by exquisitely regulating the balance of various protein kinase and protein phos...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.06.003
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) receptor trafficking is a fundamental mechanism for regulating synaptic strength, and hence may underlie cellular processes involved in learning and memory. PICK1 (protein interacting with C-kinase) is a PDZ and BAR domain-containing protein that has rece...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.02.002
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The small heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP20, HSP27 and alphaB-crystallin are chaperone proteins that are abundantly expressed in smooth muscles are important modulators of muscle contraction, cell migration and cell survival. This review focuses on factors regulating expression of small HSPs in smooth muscle, signaling...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.04.005
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is estimated to affect more than 400 million people world-wide. This X-linked genetic deficiency puts stress on red blood cells (RBC), which may be further augmented under certain pathophysiological conditions and drug treatments. These conditions can cause hemolytic ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107788
更新日期:2020-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::This article is a review of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase(s) (CN PDE) from the point of view of the relationships between the newer aspects of the complex enzymology of CN PDE and recent major advances in CN PDE pharmacology. A consolidation of isozyme nomenclature to the proposed family designations is recommen...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(91)90039-o
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic inflammatory arthritis, asthma, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been reported to be related to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The contribution of special bacteria for the ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.006
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uncomplicated upper respiratory viral infections are the most common cause of days lost from work and school and exert a major economic burden. In susceptible individuals, however, common respiratory viruses, particularly human rhinoviruses, also can have a major impact on diseases that involve the lower airways, incl...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.005
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::During physiological development and after a stressor event, vascular cells communicate with each other to evoke new vessel formation-a process known as angiogenesis. This communication occurs via direct contact and via paracrine release of proteins and nucleic acids, both in a free form or encapsulated into micro-ves...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.001
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chemoresistance, radioresistance, and the challenge of achieving complete resection are major driving forces in the search for more robust and targeted anticancer therapies. Targeting the DNA damage response has recently attracted research interest, as these processes are enhanced in tumour cells. The major replicatio...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107518
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conditional gene knockout represents an extremely powerful approach to study the function of single genes in the nervous system. The Cre-LoxP system is the most advanced technology for spatial and temporal control of genetic inactivation, and there is rapid progress using this methodology in neuroscience research. In ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.12.003
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases (PTGS), are heme-containing bis-oxygenases that catalyze the first committed reaction in metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) to the potent lipid mediators, prostanoids and thromboxanes. Two isozymes of COX enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) have been identif...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.011
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natriuretic peptides play a critical role in coordination of fluid/electrolyte balance and vascular tone. The renal effects of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are distinct from the paracrine effects of vascular C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). CNP is widely expressed t...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.08.011
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neutrophils form an essential part of innate immunity against infection. Cancer chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CCIN) is a condition in which the number of neutrophils in a patient's bloodstream is decreased, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) has been the ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107403
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the last 20 years, an expanding body of research has elucidated the central role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) production in the risk, onset, and progression of the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Ongoing res...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.006
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Administration of antidepressant drugs to rodents appears to decrease 5-HT2 receptor function while transmission through postsynaptic 5-HT1 receptor synapses may be enhanced. Antidepressant drugs also alter 5-HT mechanisms in humans; some of these changes are congruent with effects noted in animal studies. Thus certai...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90033-x
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several types of stem and progenitor cells are currently under investigation for their potential to accomplish vascular regeneration. This review focuses on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss the technologies allowing for their derivation, culture expansion and main...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.004
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis is defined as a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. The clinical relevance of osteoporosis derives from the fractures that it produces. More th...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00164-x
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytotoxic drug-induced nausea and vomiting are the side effects most feared by cancer patients. Emesis is an instinctive defense reaction caused by the somatoautonomic nerve reflex, which is integrated in the medulla oblongata. Emesis caused by cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin is associated with an increase in the co...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00057-3
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ever-growing global burden of congestive heart failure (CHF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as their co-existence necessitate that anti-diabetic pharmacotherapy will modulate the cardiovascular risk inherent to T2DM while complying with the accompanying restrictions imposed by CHF. The thiazolidinedio...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.007
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00