Abstract:
:The purpose of this review is to examine the need for and appropriate level of Fe fortification of infant formula, and to assess any adverse effects of Fe fortification. The appropriate level of Fe fortification of infant formula has been established through studies of Fe absorption or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe, and through clinical trials of formulas with varying levels of Fe that were aimed at preventing the development of Fe deficiency in participating infants. In addition, the effects of varying levels of Fe fortification on the absorption of other minerals and trace elements, and on the incidence of infection and immune function have been studied, as has the effect of adding bovine lactoferrin to formula. Studies of Fe absorption have shown that increasing the level of Fe fortification in formula does not significantly increase the amount absorbed, and that the addition of bovine lactoferrin is unlikely to further increase absorption of Fe. Quite different recommendations for the level of Fe fortification of formula are made in the USA and in Europe. The higher level (12 mg/l) commonly used in the USA is not well supported by the evidence from clinical trials that suggest that lower levels (4 mg/l or less) may be adequate to prevent the development of Fe deficiency. Higher levels of Fe fortification may also interfere with the absorption of other minerals such as Cu and Se. Concerns about potential adverse effects of Fe fortification on immune function and susceptibility to infections have been disproved as have concerns about associated gastrointestinal symptomatology. There are no clearly demonstrated advantages in using 'follow-on' formula with high Fe content (up to 13 mg/l) instead of the standard UK formulas with Fe fortification in the range 4-7 mg/l after the age of 6 months, although they may provide an important 'safety net' for the prevention of Fe deficiency in communities with weaning diets low in Fe.
journal_name
Nutr Res Revjournal_title
Nutrition research reviewsauthors
Moy RJdoi
10.1079/095442200108729070subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-12-01 00:00:00pages
215-27issue
2eissn
0954-4224issn
1475-2700pii
S0954422400000731journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The cost of psychiatric illness to the UK economy was recently estimated at pound77 billion annually. Despite years of research no firm aetiological explanation exists, and with no physiological or biochemical markers diagnosis is made entirely on a behavioural basis. All current pharmacological therapies are associat...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR2006119
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Overweight and obesity are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, although the range of body weights that is optimal for health is controversial. It is less clear whether weight loss benefits longevity and hence whether weight reduction is justified as a prime goal for all individuals who are overweight (n...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422409990035
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::CVD are the leading cause of death in women globally, with ageing associated with progressive endothelial dysfunction and increased CVD risk. Natural menopause is characterised by raised non-fasting TAG concentrations and impairment of vascular function compared with premenopausal women. However, the mechanisms underl...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::CVD affect a large proportion of the world's population, with dyslipidaemia as the major risk factor. The regular consumption of both probiotic bacteria and yeast has been associated with improvement in the serum lipid profile. Thus, the present review aims to describe and discuss the potential mechanisms responsible ...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422416000226
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The micro-organisms which inhabit the human gut (i.e. the intestinal microbiota) influence numerous human biochemical pathways and physiological functions. The present review focuses on two questions, 'Are intestinal microbiota effects measurable and meaningful?' and 'What research methods and variables are influenced...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200235
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The demand for organic foods is constantly increasing mainly due to consumers' perception that they are healthier and safer than conventional foods. There is a need for information related to food safety to inform consumers of the health benefits and/or hazards of food products of both origins, in order to optimise th...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200361
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR19980006
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422418000227
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S095442241600007X
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422411000096
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422411000047
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422416000068
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The alarming prevalence of obesity has led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling energy homeostasis. Regulation of energy intake and expenditure is more complex than previously thought, being influenced by signals from many peripheral tissues. In this sense, a wide variety of peripheral sig...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422412000145
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR2005101
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR19970007
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
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doi:10.1017/S0954422407747881
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200357
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422414000183
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422409990187
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
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更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
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journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00