Abstract：
:We report an fMRI experiment on deductive reasoning with acoustically presented problems. Twelve volunteers received problems in which an acoustic stimulus came from the left or the right of another stimulus. The participants then heard a third stimulus coming from the left or the right of one of the proceeding stimuli. Their task was to determine the spatial relation between the two stimuli they never perceived together. In the psychology of reasoning, such problems are called transitive inferences or three-term-series problems. During the early phases of the inference, activity in primary and secondary acoustic areas and in the anterior prefrontal cortex was found. Further processing was accompanied by activity in medial frontal gyrus, the cingulate cortex, and in the parietal cortex. In the final phase, activity was found in the left frontal cortex, the right cerebellum, the right superior temporal gyrus, and in the parietal lobule. These results show that different brain areas are related to different phases of an inference. Based on these findings, we propose a three-stage-model of acoustic reasoning and identify the neural structures that are involved in the cognitive processes taking place in each phase. The results also show how acoustically presented reasoning problems differ from problems in which the problems are presented visually.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Fangmeier T,Knauff Mdoi
10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.025subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-16 00:00:00pages
181-90eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006-8993(08)02557-2journal_volume
1249pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:This study determined if vasopressin generates superoxide anion (O2(-)) in a cyclooxygenase dependent manner and if such production contributes to impairment of dilation to activators of ATP sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) and calcium sensitive K(+) (K(ca)) channels following fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) in newborn pig...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02716-0
更新日期：2001-08-10 00:00:00
abstract：:By use of the push-pull perfusion technique, release of neuronal cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) from hypothalamus of owl monkeys was investigated in relation to an intragastric meal. In overnight fasted, halothane-anesthetized owl monkeys, levels of CCK-LI in the hypothalamic push-pull perfusate were b...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)90957-7
更新日期：1987-08-18 00:00:00
abstract：:A procedure is described for identifying the motor neurons innervating individual cockroach muscles by use of the retrograde transport of extracellularly injected horseradish peroxidase and the staining of cells in whole mount preparations. A modification of this procedure using wheat germ agglutinin covalently conjug...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(82)91141-6
更新日期：1982-09-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Locally applied ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has a powerful effect on retrograde axonal reaction following facial nerve crush in neonatal rats. We examined whether it also exerts a strong effect on retrograde axonal reaction in young adult rats when administered subcutaneously. The dose was 1 mg/kg body weight, ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)01512-4
更新日期：1996-04-22 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the effects of the calcium channel blockers nicardipine, calcicludine, omega-conotoxin GVIA, omega-agatoxin IVA, SNX-482, and NiCl on spontaneous muscle action potential of a rat spinal cord-muscle co-culture system. Spontaneous muscle action potential of the innervated muscle cells was blocked...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.057
更新日期：2005-02-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Glioblastoma multiform is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, but there remains no effective therapeutic approach. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), which is a naturally occurring metabolite of 17beta-estradiol, was shown to enhance radiotherapeutic effect in certain tumors; however, whether 2-ME can als...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.092
更新日期：2007-12-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Cerebrovascular diseases are currently a major global health problem. Considering the limitations of current therapy, the search for new alternatives for the treatment of these diseases is necessary and, in this context, curcumin, a molecule that has neuroprotective properties already described in the literature. A li...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147007
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A large body of evidence indicates that both the altered cytokines that mediate the immune-inflammatory process and abnormal gray matter are associated with schizophrenia. Whether peripheral cytokines are related to cerebral structural abnormality remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146463
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The roles of noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the hippocampus were investigated with respect to their involvement in the intracranial self-stimulation of this structure. In the first study, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle, which depleted hippocampal NE by 97%...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(77)90136-6
更新日期：1977-11-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, much attention has focused on the role of the melanocortin system in the regulation of energy homeostasis, especially the satiety effects of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). We have found that POMC mRNA levels are similar in fat and thin sheep ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02918-3
更新日期：2001-11-09 00:00:00
abstract：:The involvement of bulbospinal pathways in the antinociceptive effect of clomipramine in experimental pain was studied. The antinociceptive effect of the antidepressant (0.5 mg/kg), intravenously injected, was evaluated after a unilateral lesion of the dorsolateral funiculus. The results showed that this effect was su...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)00826-c
更新日期：1995-10-16 00:00:00
abstract：:YM-14673 is a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog that has a modification of the N-terminal (pyroglutamyl) moiety of the tripeptide. It is longer acting than TRH and has substantially greater potency with regard to central facilitatory activity. In the present studies, the effect of YM-14673 was examined in rat...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(89)90509-x
更新日期：1989-05-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of estrus and prolonged estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment on estrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity (ER-LI) were studied in the female Brazilian opossum (monodelphis domestica) brain. In general, both estrus animals and EB treated animals had reduced ER-LI in specific brain regions when compared to ovarie...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)90632-w
更新日期：1993-07-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Substance P (SP) has been proposed as a nociceptive transmitter/modulator in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Formalin used as a nociceptive stimulus has been shown to increase, in a biphasic manner, the amount of immunoreactive SP in the dorsal horn. The time course of the changes in substance P-like immunoreactiv...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)90370-q
更新日期：1990-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) occurs during acute severe hypotension depriving the brain of oxygen and glucose for a short period of time. During reperfusion, several mechanisms can induce secondary neuronal damage, including the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen gas-enriched ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.068
更新日期：2011-08-02 00:00:00
abstract：:During the middle of the subjective day, circadian activity rhythms in Syrian hamsters can be phase advanced by a variety of stimuli including microinjection of neuropeptide Y (NPY) or muscimol into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It is not known, however, if these treatments shift activity rhythms by acting direct...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00831-7
更新日期：1997-10-24 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated whether the weak febrile response to pyrogens in newborns is due to a diminished activation of the putative pyrogen mediator, prostaglandin (PG)E2. Indwelling cannulas in the third ventricle of lambs (age, 5-31 days) and adult ewes were used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for radioimmunoassay of ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(95)00946-n
更新日期：1995-11-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The electroretinogram (ERG) of the dark-adapted goldfish was examined before and after intravitreal injection of DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB). APB abolished the b-wave and decreased absolute sensitivity of the remaining waveform, which was composed of a vitreal-negative component followed by a vitreal-posi...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(89)91194-3
更新日期：1989-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Tissue accumulation of ornithine (Orn), homocitrulline (Hcit), ammonia and orotic acid (Oro) is the biochemical hallmark of patients affected by hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, a disorder clinically characterized by neurological symptoms, whose pathophysiology is practically unknown....
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.021
更新日期：2009-09-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of induced L9 activity on gill motor neuron L7's ability to elicit a gill withdrawal response were studied. It was found that L9 was a modulator of L7's effectiveness to elicit gill movements. Following L9 activity, L7's ability to elicit a gill withdrawal response was significantly potentiated by up to 24...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(79)90350-0
更新日期：1979-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The prostacyclin (PGI2) formation in cerebral vessels, as reflected by the difference in concentration of internal carotid arterial and internal jugular venous radioimmunoassayed 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), was determined under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in 5 patients with mild cereb...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(83)91272-6
更新日期：1983-01-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats were first trained to acquire an olfactory discrimination learning set (ODLS) on 40 olfactory-unique discrimination problems. Following acquisition of ODLS, animals were lesioned bilaterally in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) using either quisqualic acid (QUIS) or 192 IgG-saporin (SAP). QUIS animals per...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.028
更新日期：2007-03-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) was first isolated as a chemotactic factor from phytohemagglutinin-activated human T-cell leukemia SKW-3 cells. LECT2 is expressed in various tissues, including in the brain, stomach and liver, but the functions of LECT2 in the brain remains unclear. To elucidate these funct...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.010
更新日期：2010-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats reared on a diet in which choline is replaced with N-aminodeanol (NADE), undergo > 50% replacement of brain acetylcholine with acetylated NADE, a false cholinergic transmitter. We examined amounts of sleep and wakefulness in 7 littermate pairs of rats fed either NADE-substituted, or a choline control diet for > 1...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(93)90492-6
更新日期：1993-11-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The low, middle, and high molecular mass neurofilament subunit proteins (NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H) co-polymerize to form neurofilaments (NFs). During development, NF subunit expression is highly regulated, and in neurodegenerative disease, aberrant regulation of this expression can lead to the formation of harmful aggrega...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.012
更新日期：2008-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Generation and persistence of tinnitus following hearing loss may be due to aberrant engagement of attention. Here, functional MRI was used to determine differences in auditory and visual attention processing in adults with tinnitus and hearing loss compared to two age-matched control groups, one with matched hearing ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.010
更新日期：2015-09-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The putative role of the opioid system in cognitive and memory functions prompted us to search for possible changes in the cohort of the major opioid receptors, mu, delta and kappa, in Alzheimer's disease. The present study examines alterations in opioid receptor levels by quantitative autoradiography. These experimen...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03302-3
更新日期：2001-03-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and refractory epilepsy are the most frequent consequences found in patients suffering from malformations of cortical development (MCD). However, therapeutic options for these psychiatric and neurological comorbidities are currently limited. The development of white matter un...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.012
更新日期：2015-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) continues to oscillate when isolated in a brain slice preparation, and can be phase shifted in vitro by a variety of serotonergic (5-HTergic) agents. We have previously shown that 5-HT and a 5-HT agonist, quipazine, induce phase advances in the ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)90348-4
更新日期：1994-04-25 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study, we used an immunocytochemical technique at the electron microscopic level to determine if there are changes in the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter content of the hippocampus of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). We also investigated if there was mossy fiber reorganization....
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03349-3
更新日期：2003-10-24 00:00:00
