Abstract：
:We report an fMRI experiment on deductive reasoning with acoustically presented problems. Twelve volunteers received problems in which an acoustic stimulus came from the left or the right of another stimulus. The participants then heard a third stimulus coming from the left or the right of one of the proceeding stimuli. Their task was to determine the spatial relation between the two stimuli they never perceived together. In the psychology of reasoning, such problems are called transitive inferences or three-term-series problems. During the early phases of the inference, activity in primary and secondary acoustic areas and in the anterior prefrontal cortex was found. Further processing was accompanied by activity in medial frontal gyrus, the cingulate cortex, and in the parietal cortex. In the final phase, activity was found in the left frontal cortex, the right cerebellum, the right superior temporal gyrus, and in the parietal lobule. These results show that different brain areas are related to different phases of an inference. Based on these findings, we propose a three-stage-model of acoustic reasoning and identify the neural structures that are involved in the cognitive processes taking place in each phase. The results also show how acoustically presented reasoning problems differ from problems in which the problems are presented visually.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Fangmeier T,Knauff Mdoi
10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.025subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-16 00:00:00pages
181-90eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006-8993(08)02557-2journal_volume
1249pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract：:Repeated exposure to stressful stimuli or psychostimulants increases sensitivity to the motoric effects of these drugs, i.e. behavioral sensitization. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the interaction between factors that modulate psychostimulant sensitivity, i.e. sex and circulating gonadal hor...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(94)91651-9
更新日期：1994-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:GM1 ganglioside injections (i.p.) reduce amphetamine-induced asymmetric rotation in rats 48 h after a partial unilateral transection of the nigrostriatal pathway. We found that this reduction was maximal when rats received their first GM1 injection within 2 h after surgery. Rats injected 4-12 h after surgery, or rats ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)90871-1
更新日期：1986-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycoprotein M6a is a neuronally expressed member of the proteolipid protein (PLP) family of tetraspans. In vitro studies suggested a potential role in neurite outgrowth and spine formation and previous investigations have identified M6a as a stress-regulated gene. To investigate whether the distribution of M6a correl...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.066
更新日期：2008-03-04 00:00:00
abstract：:30-Day-old male Wistar rats were tested for acquisition and retention of operant conditioned behavior after bilateral subicular lesions made either electrolytically or chemically (ibotenic acid). The acquisition of operant learning was carried out in lesioned rats by assessing the number of sessions required to learn ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01135-3
更新日期：1997-01-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats treated neonatally with pargyline and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) have an elevated paCO2 and reduced minute ventilation when given 0.7% halothane in oxygen as adults. Serotonin content in the spinal cord of 5,7-DHT treated rats was undetectable and TRH content was reduced by 35%. The 5,7-DHT treated rats we...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(84)91440-9
更新日期：1984-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Binding of cyclic AMP to the regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is an essential step in cyclic AMP-mediated intracellular signal transduction. This binding is, however, rapidly inhibited in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia, indicating that the signal transduction via PKA is very vulner...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03231-0
更新日期：2002-01-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Activation of serotonin neurotransmission produces increase of plasma oxytocin, prolactin, vasopressin and ACTH levels. Using dual-immunocytochemistry, the number of oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei co-storing Fos after administration of D-fenfluramine was found to be 15-fold higher compa...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01953-8
更新日期：1999-12-18 00:00:00
abstract：:The 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic led to a particularly high risk of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women. Therefore, inactivated influenza vaccines have been widely recommended for women in any period of gestation. Recent studies have shown that the peripheral adaptive immune system plays an important role ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.076
更新日期：2014-12-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Several neurologic illnesses in which excitotoxic mechanisms may play a role increase in prevalence with age. In the present study we examined the susceptibility of rats to quinolinic acid striatal lesions at 1, 4 and 20 months of age, and susceptibility to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) at 1 and 4 months of age. The ext...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(91)90631-5
更新日期：1991-10-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracerebroventricular microinjection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) potently blocked the development of, as well as promptly reversed, epinephrine-stimulated hyperglycemia in mice. The central antihyperglycemic effect was dose-related (0.1-10 micrograms), could be reproduced by an intravenous injection of a ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(87)91592-7
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies have demonstrated defects of DA and 5HT neurotransmission in dietary fat induced obese animals. In the present study, we used a perfusion system to assay the release of DA and 5HT from striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]-DA or [(3)H]-5HT. The release of both DA and 5HT from striatal slices of rats fed a high...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.036
更新日期：2010-08-19 00:00:00
abstract：:This study compared patterns of Fos expression within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the region immediately dorsal to the SCN (the lower subparaventricular zone, LSPV), and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) and lab rats (Rattus norvegicus). Among grass rats we also compared individ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02205-3
更新日期：2001-04-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The potential evoked in the pyriform cortex by single-pulse stimulation of the olfactory bulb was examined before and after single and repeated elicitation of an epileptiform afterdischarge produced by stimulation of the olfactory bulb. A single afterdischarge (AD) produced a rapid (i.e. within 5 min) increase in the ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)91275-2
更新日期：1985-12-30 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison was made of the effects of left and right cerebral decortication on cytotoxic activity of natural killer and natural cytotoxic lymphocytes in the mouse. Natural killer cytotoxic activity was significantly reduced after right decortication, whereas left decortication led to a less pronounced, though still ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(90)90704-f
更新日期：1990-08-06 00:00:00
abstract：:After glucocorticoid stimulation, glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are translocated to the nucleus to modulate transcription of glucocorticoid target genes. The subcellular distribution and trafficking of GR in cultured cells has been studied quite intensively using several techniques. However, the intracellular localiz...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.052
更新日期：2010-05-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiological studies have shown that steroidal as well as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs lower the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). A suppressive effect of these anti-inflammatory drugs on local inflammatory events in AD brains has been suggested, however the mechanisms responsible are still unkn...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01204-3
更新日期：1997-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The A-ring reduced metabolite of deoxycorticosterone, 3 alpha, 5 alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) was recently shown to act at the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-chloride ion channel complex in rat brain. The behavioral profile of THDOC was investigated using two animal models of anxiety, the two-chambere...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)91500-3
更新日期：1986-11-29 00:00:00
abstract：:Our purpose was to investigate the cortical information processing of autobiographical fact violation (AFV) in self-referential questions. We expected that AFV in a self-referential question would evoke a characteristic pattern of neural synchrony and event-related potentials (ERPs). Averaged ERP and event-related syn...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.013
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The amide-type local anesthetic (LA) lidocaine activates transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) channels to facilitate spontaneous l-glutamate release onto spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons, which play a crucial role in regulating nociceptive transmission. In contrast, the ester-type LA procaine ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.021
更新日期：2017-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinal and tectal potentials to alternating gratings were recorded in pigeons raised monocularly deprived. Deprived eyes showed consistent myopia and anterior-posterior axis elongation. In addition, vitreal opacities were observed in 70% of the deprived eyes. In pigeons with vitreal opacities, a reduction of retinal ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(85)90165-9
更新日期：1985-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum metabolomic biomarkers and brain in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) biomarkers in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as to investigate compound concentration changes by comparing the results with healthy control subjects. Un...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147118
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on the fast tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and the slow tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons were investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. Diclofenac suppressed both sodium currents in a...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.048
更新日期：2003-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:A study was made of the effects of electrochemically stimulating (ECS) and destroying the midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei on the estrogen-progesterone- (EP) induced surge of pituitary LH release in ovariectomized rats. ECS and lesions were produced simultaneously with anodal direct current through a chronicall...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(81)90006-8
更新日期：1981-08-03 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a strong link between cognitive impairment and depression, but up to date it is not clear whether cognitive impairment is 'cause' or 'consequence' of depression. Therefore, we here examined the effect of cognitive impairment induced by permanent occlusion of common carotid arteries, a model known as two-vesse...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.056
更新日期：2015-01-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The recently developed technique of in vivo dialysis has permitted us to make direct measurements of serotonin release in a specific region of the spinal cord and to relate this to changes in blood pressure elicited by chemical stimulation of the brainstem. In the present experiments we have shown that chemical stimul...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)91318-1
更新日期：1986-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well known that locus coeruleus (LC) of the rat shows intense mu-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity (MOR-LI). In the course of our study on the distribution of MOR-LI in the brain of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), however, no MOR-LI was found in the LC although the distribution pattern of MOR-LI in oth...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00191-1
更新日期：1997-05-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Visual pathways (optic disc, optic nerve and pretectal regions) were electrically stimulated and evoked potentials were explored throughout the inferior olive in the anesthetized rat. Responsive areas were identified as the caudal half of the dorsal cap, nucleus beta and the most caudal region of subnucleus c of the m...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0006-8993(86)91060-7
更新日期：1986-03-12 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, we measured regional brain blood flow (BF) in rats during hypoxic exposure. Our data show the hypoxia-induced brain blood flow increase returned to baseline within 1 week as blood hemoglobin increased. Because this return to baseline occurred before capillary angiogenesis, this result suggests that the ...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.046
更新日期：2004-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary gaze fixation in healthy individuals is frequently interrupted by microsaccades and saccadic intrusions (SI). The neural systems responsible for the control of attention and eye movements are believed to overlap and in line with this, the behaviour of microsaccades appears to be affected by exogenous and endog...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.047
更新日期：2007-04-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Administration of non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (e.g. phencyclidine, MK-801) has been shown to elicit behavioral abnormalities related to symptoms of schizophrenia, such as spontaneous locomotor activity and impaired sensorimotor gating, as represented by deficits of prepulse inhibit...
journal_title：Brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.013
更新日期：2010-09-17 00:00:00
