Abstract:
:A comprehensive review of the effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation, BEIR VII-Phase 2: Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, was published in 2006. The BEIR (Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation) reports are a series of publications by the National Academy of Sciences. The last BEIR report on the effects of low level radiation, BEIR V, was published in 1990. To update the risk estimates for exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation, the BEIR committee reviewed recent epidemiologic studies of the atomic bomb survivors, as well as recent studies of populations exposed to radiation from diagnostic and therapeutic medical studies, from occupational exposures and from exposure due to releases of radioactive materials into the environment. Additional increasingly sophisticated epidemiologic studies continue to be published. BEIR VII reconfirmed that the linear no threshold model is the most practical model to estimate radiation risks, especially for radiation protection purposes. The updated risk estimates have not changed significantly from the BEIR V estimates, but the confidence intervals have narrowed as the result of the availability of additional data. The effects of low doses of radiation should be of particular interest to medical professionals because radiation exposure from diagnostic medical studies is, by far, the largest source of radiation exposure from human activity. One recommendation of the BEIR VII report is to perform epidemiologic studies of patients, especially children, who have been exposed to radiation as part of their care. A large, sophisticated epidemiologic study will likely be able to detect an increase in cancer risk. The purpose of this article is to highlight the contents of this important publication with particular emphasis on what is new.
journal_name
Semin Nucl Medjournal_title
Seminars in nuclear medicineauthors
Royal HDdoi
10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.05.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-09-01 00:00:00pages
392-402issue
5eissn
0001-2998issn
1558-4623pii
S0001-2998(08)00072-Xjournal_volume
38pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Sickling of erythrocytes in patients with S-hemoglobin causes marrow and bone infarction. The former can be demonstrated as a lack of 99mTc-sulfur colloid uptake on marrow imaging examination. These defects may resolve or persist long after the acute episode. If the bone is involved in the acute episode, imaging withi...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(76)80038-4
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review describes general concepts with regard to radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic or therapeutic applications that help to understand the specific challenges encountered during the design, (radio)synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation and clinical translation of novel radiopharmaceuticals. The design of a ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.07.001
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) was developed in 1976 in a collaboration between scientists at the National Institutes of Health, the University of Pennsylvania, and Brookhaven National Laboratory. It was developed for the specific purpose of mapping brain glucose metabolism in living humans, thereby serving ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/snuc.2002.29270
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up to 25% of the diabetic population is at risk for developing a pedal ulcer. These ulcers serve as a portal of entry for osteomyelitis and overlie more than 90% of diabetic pedal osteomyelitis cases. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis often is overlooked, and imaging studies are an essential part of the evaluation. The m...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.08.006
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assessment of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is useful in the evaluation of cerebral vascular disease. However, a single resting study has limitations in that a normal rCBF may be present with diminished cerebral vascular flow reserve and regions of decreased rCBF may be seen with diaschisis or selective neuronal...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(05)80052-2
更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review is directed at the clinically useful highlights of ultrasound and radionuclide testing in adults with coronary and valvular heart disease, intracardiac shunts, and hypertrophic and congestive cardiomyopathies. As a clinical toto, the radionuclide procedures are currently more useful than ultrasound examina...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(80)80031-6
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the present time, there are three radiolabeled antibodies that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for imaging of cancer, a fourth commercially sponsored product recommended for approval (as of 10/29/96, cap romab pendetide (ProstaScint; Cytogen Corp., Princeton, NJ) was upgraded from re...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(97)80033-5
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Postsurgical bile leaks can be associated with significant morbidity and even mortality, if not identified and treated at an early phase. Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan is an important test for detection of bile leaks in the postoperative abdomen. However, the lack of anatomical details on planar images ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.06.002
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::FDG is a tracer for visualizing glucose metabolism. PET/CT using FDG is widely used for the diagnosis of cancer, because glycolysis is elevated in cancer cells. Similarly, active inflammatory tissue also exhibits elevated glucose metabolism because of glycolysis in activated macrophages and proliferating fibroblasts. ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.02.005
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the early 1970s, when Seminars in Nuclear Medicine started publication, little was known about the quality of reporting in biomedical journals. Senior scholars were invited to become scientific editors of journals based on their research credibility and stature. Their knowledge of journalology (publication science)...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.11.009
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evaluation of ventricular performance is essential in the diagnosis and long-term management of patients with heart disease. This can be most easily performed clinically using simple tools. When more definitive objective assessment of cardiac function is indicated, the equilibrium gated blood pool study provides relia...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(79)80015-x
更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The advantage of immunoscintigraphy over autologous leukocyte techniques in the imaging of infection is the simplicity of its use compared with techniques that require the isolation of autologous white blood cells. The advantage over 99mTc- or 111In-labeled nonspecific human immunoglobulin is the excellent target-to-b...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(05)80228-4
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Computer tomography (CT) is a radiological imaging method which yields transverse tomographic images reflecting with high accuracy the spatial distribution of x-ray attenuation in the part examined. The contrast resolution achieved by CT permits the visualization of soft tissue structure heretofore invisible with conv...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(77)80013-5
更新日期:1977-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heart failure presents a significant problem in industrialized countries, with a high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, where it is most frequently caused by coronary artery disease. Revascularization in patients with symptomatic heart failure has been associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Predictors o...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2014.07.003
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular medicine enhances the clinician's ability to accurately diagnose and treat disease, and many technological advances in diverse fields have made the translation of molecular medicine to the clinic possible. Nuclear medicine encompasses 2 technologies--single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and pos...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.01.004
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adrenal scintigraphy is a unique nuclear medicine procedure that provides noninvasive, functional information concerning the status of the adrenal cortex. The uptake of iodocholesterol, in addition to localizing adrenal cortical abnormalities, can be manipulate to focus on adrenal cortical dysfunction in either the al...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(81)80042-6
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::FDG-PET/CT has an established role in the initial staging of locally advanced cervical cancers, particularly in evaluation of nodal disease and distant metastases. It is common practice to perform FDG-PET/CT 3 months postcompletion of chemoradiotherapy as it can predict outcome and be used to tailor management, includ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.06.007
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of gallium for pulmonary diseases is hampered by its relative lack of specificity, typical 1- to 3-day delay between injection and imaging time, and suboptimal imaging characteristics. Other nuclear and nonnuclear imaging modalities, such as (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and high-...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/snuc.2002.124178
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nuclear medicine imaging techniques continue to play a unique role in the evaluation of hepatic masses. Although many useful radiodiagnostic agents are available, the predominant nuclear medicine study used to evaluate hepatic masses in this decade is technetium-labeled red blood cell "blood-pool" scintigraphy. Hepati...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(96)80012-2
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radionuclide renal studies are particularly well suited to pediatrics as renal problems in children usually are part of a dynamic process which requires serial assessment. The absence of side-effects and the low radiation dose has added to their popularity in pediatrics. A number of different renal parameters can be e...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(82)80015-9
更新日期:1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the 1980s, the (111)In-labeled somatostatin analog OctreoScan (Covidien, Hazelwood, MO) was developed for imaging of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst(2)) overexpressing tumors. On the basis of this success, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) was developed using similar somatostatin analogs with differ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.12.001
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Blood cell labeling with 99mTc has progressed through various developmental phases. In the case of red cell labeling, the science seems to have matured sufficiently, although minor refinements in the procedures will no doubt continue to be made. During the last 3 to 5 years, there has been a resurgence of interest in ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(05)80175-8
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-awaited results from randomized clinical trials designed to test the validity of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as replacement of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in management of early breast cancer have recently been published. All the trials conclude SLNB has survival rates comparable to those of ALND ...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2013.02.004
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carcinoma of the lung is one of the most frequent malignancies and a major cause of mortality. The use of positron emission tomography (PET) has been extensively investigated in patients with carcinoma of the lung and has established clinical utility and cost-effectiveness in characterization of solitary pulmonary nod...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/snuc.2002.126059
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review summarizes the role of SPECT/CT in patients with a painful postoperative knee and describes typical diagnostic criteria in these patients. Pain after knee surgery is common and is influenced by the underlying pathology, the type of surgery, and the patient. Knee joint-preserving surgery includes osteotomy,...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.05.003
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of labeled tracers in radioimmunoassay procedures (RIA) and the advantages of the iodine-labeled antigens over 14C or tritium-labeled antigens are discussed. Different methods of labeling with iodine isotopes are presented. The ease with which microgram amounts of hormonal proteins are tagged, achieving high...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(75)80030-4
更新日期:1975-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of brain death has gained importance in the past few decades to prevent futile attempts to sustain ventilation and blood circulation when the brain has lost all function and to procure beneficial tissues or life-saving organs for transplantation. However, differences remain among professional societies and...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.07.007
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myocardial perfusion imaging with 15O-water positron emission tomography (PET) is a validated tool for quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR). Current scanner and software technology enable quantification of global and regional MBF in clinical PET myocardial perfusion...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.02.011
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphomas represent a diverse range of diseases with manifold presentations, outlook, and therapeutic approaches. Key to the modern management of lymphoma is accurate delineation of the extent of disease. The inability of computed tomography (CT) to identify the involvement of nonenlarged nodes and its relatively poor...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2005.02.003
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several antineuroblastoma monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have been described and two have been used in radioimmunoimaging and radioimmunotherapy in patients. MoAb 3F8 is a murine IgG3 antibody specific for the ganglioside GD2. Radioiodine-labeled 3F8 has been shown to specifically target human neuroblastoma in patients...
journal_title:Seminars in nuclear medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0001-2998(89)80021-2
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00