Abstract：
:Largely on the basis of results from meta-analyses of observational studies, postmenopausal estrogen was widely prescribed to prevent coronary heart disease. However, epidemiologic studies, no matter how consistent and coherent, are not sufficient to recommend mass preventive therapy to healthy women. In fact, all three large clinical trials failed to confirm estrogen's expected cardiac protection. The most persistent explanatory hypothesis for the "trial failure" was the age of the participants, based on the thesis that estrogen in recently menopausal women could prevent the development of coronary artery plaque but, given to older women with vulnerable plaque, would have a null or even harmful effect. The timing hypothesis is plausible, but the prespecified subgroup analyses in both Women's Health Initiative trials showed no significant interaction with age or years since menopause. The best opportunity to test the timing hypothesis was lost when 1,000 Women's Health Initiative women younger than 60 years had coronary artery calcium scans to evaluate the effect of estrogen on plaque burden, but no women 60 years or over were similarly examined. Therefore, this ancillary study can examine the effect of estrogen treatment on coronary calcium in women younger than 60 years but will not be able to determine if the effect is different in older women. In the meantime, publicized statements in multiple venues have promoted the timing hypothesis as fact, confusing patients and physicians who do not realize that the hypothesis is stronger than the evidence.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Barrett-Connor Edoi
10.1093/aje/kwm214subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-09-01 00:00:00pages
506-10issue
5eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
166pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The relationship of lead exposure to blood pressure has been examined in a longitudinal study of a cohort of 89 Boston, Massachusetts, policemen. At the baseline examination, subjects had a blood lead determination and three consecutive blood pressure measurements. Triplicate blood pressure measurements were also take...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114309
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hostility is a personality trait associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. No study has reported the association between hostility and antioxidants, which may be mediators for atherosclerosis. CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study participants were 3,579 men and women 18-30 ye...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1093/aje/kwm267
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sibling aggregation of blood pressure has been shown in children 2 to 14 years of age. To determine the earliest age at which this finding is detectable, blood pressures were evaluated in 98 siblings from 43 black families with newborns. Variances of blood pressure scores were significantly greater among families than...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112247
更新日期：1976-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over a two-year period an attempt was made to identify instances of transmission of rubella vaccine virus from rubella vaccinees to pregnant women in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee. Approximately 24,000 children were immunized in a mass campaign at the outset of the study. Several prospective surveillance method...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112089
更新日期：1975-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A cohort of 3,916 Swedish copper smelter workers employed for at least 3 months between 1928 and 1967 was followed up through 1981. Arsenic exposure was estimated for different time periods at each workplace within the smelter. Detailed job records were linked to the exposure matrix, thus forming individual cumulative...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116128
更新日期：1991-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Longitudinal observational data are required to assess the association between exposure to β-interferon medications and disease progression among relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the "real-world" clinical practice setting. Marginal structural Cox models (MSCMs) can provide distinct advantages ov...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwu125
更新日期：2014-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Usual and acute alcohol consumption are important risk factors for injury. Although alcohol-dependent people are thought to be at increased risk of injury, there are few reports suggesting that their risk is greater than that of nondependent alcohol users in a given episode of alcohol use. The authors conducted a case...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwh073
更新日期：2004-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Seventeen-year mortality data from the Alameda County Study are used to examine the relative importance of social ties as predictors of survival at different ages, ranging from 38-94 years at baseline. Previous analyses of Alameda County data by Berkman and Syme (Am J Epidemiol 1979;109:186-204) have shown that such t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114711
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Risk factors for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 and 16/18 and any HPV type as well as for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections were investigated in a population-based study of 1,600 randomly selected women (20-39 years) from Godthåb (native, Nuuk), Greenland, and Nykøbing Falster, Denmark. A t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115551
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Does a rise in crime result in increased sitting time and a reduction in physical activity? We used unobserved ("fixed")-effects models to examine associations between change in objectively measured crime (nondomestic violence, malicious damage, breaking and entering, and stealing, theft, and robbery) in Australia and...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kww106
更新日期：2016-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors previously reported statistically significant inverse associations between adult onset glioma and histories of chickenpox and shingles among 462 cases and 443 controls in the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study (1991--1995) and a suggestive but nonsignificant inverse association with immunoglobulin G...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/154.2.161
更新日期：2001-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Because body fat distribution has been recognized as a disease risk factor, practical methods for the measurement of body girths are needed. In two groups of postmenopausal women aged 55-69 years in the upper midwestern United States, the authors examined the reliability and accuracy of self-measurement by mail questi...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115027
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An estimated 80% of sexually active young women in the United States use hormonal contraceptives during their reproductive years. Associations between hormonal contraceptive use and mood disturbances remain understudied, despite the hypothesis that estrogen and progesterone play a role in mood problems. In this study,...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt188
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between psychosocial risk factors and retinal microvascular signs was examined in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Subjects were recruited from Baltimore, Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; Forsyth County, North Carolina; Los Angeles County, California; New York, New York; and St. Paul, Minnesota. ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwp414
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early detection of subjects at high risk of developing dementia is essential. By dealing with censoring and competing risk of death, we developed a score for predicting 10-year dementia risk by combining cognitive tests, and we assessed whether inclusion of cognitive change over the previous year increased its discrim...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwu202
更新日期：2014-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a case-control study of congenital heart defects in liveborn infants conducted in 1981--1989, interviewed parents about a wide range of environmental exposures that occurred during and before the pregnancy. In the period 1987--1989, the questionnaire was expanded to include a det...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/153.6.529
更新日期：2001-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Measurements of neighborhood exposures likely vary depending on the definition of "neighborhood" selected. This study examined the extent to which neighborhood definition influences findings regarding spatial accessibility to tobacco retailers among youth. We defined spatial accessibility to tobacco retailers (i.e., t...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwt251
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of clinically recognized coronary heart disease and its relation to risk factors have been studied for 596 sibships in the Framingham Heart Study cohort. Only the 186 pairs of brothers were considered in the multivariate analysis, since the rate of coronary heart disease in women is low. Multiple logisti...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113293
更新日期：1982-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies indicate an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption and chronic inflammatory diseases; however, the association between alcohol consumption and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) incidence has not been widely studied. We investigated the associations of total alcohol consumption and ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwz020
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infectious transmission of streptococci in families has been demonstrated to follow Greenwood's chain-binomial model in its simplest form which did not need beta transformation to correct for differences in susceptibility between families. Following the application of this model, an estimate of the risk of acquisition...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112677
更新日期：1979-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The size of a person's social network is linked to health and longevity, but it is unclear whether the number of strong social ties or the number of weak social ties is most influential for health. We examined social network characteristics as predictors of mortality in the Finnish Public Sector Study (n = 7,617) and ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwx301
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A case-control study on diet and gastric cancer, carried out in selected areas of four regions of Spain (Aragon, Castile, Catalonia, and Galicia) in 1988 and 1989, included 354 cases of histologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma and 354 controls matched by age, sex, and area of residence. Cases and controls were ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117029
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Planners of several large prevention trials have overestimated the expected incidence of events in the control group, largely because they failed either to recognize or to adequately correct for various effects of population selection. Consequently, the studies have been too small in size or too short in duration to a...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116739
更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Long term recalls of dietary intake are frequently used in case-control studies, but their validity and reliability have not been established. In this study, 91 middle-aged adults (median age, 50 years) who were participants in the Longitudinal Study of Child Health and Development at the Harvard School of Public Heal...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115404
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to reconcile 3 approaches to calculating population attributable fractions and attributable burden percentage: the approach of Bruzzi et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122(5):904-914.), the maximum-likelihood method of Greenland and Drescher (Biometrics. 1993;49(3):865-872.), and the multivariable...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwx200
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A standardized method for examining hearts and coronary arteries was applied in a study of sudden deaths in 227 autopsies of New Orleans men aged 25-49 years. Of these autopsies, 102 deaths were due to external violence, 125 were from natural causes and 45 occurred suddenly. Of the sudden natural deaths, 14 (31%) were...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113036
更新日期：1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This cross-sectional study investigated the relation between intake of caffeine-containing beverages and time to conception in a population of 1,909 married women in New Haven, Connecticut, between May 12, 1980 and March 12, 1982. Women were interviewed shortly after the first prenatal visit regarding the length of ti...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116826
更新日期：1993-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Individual-level health behaviors and outcomes have multi-level determinants (individual and environmental). Multi-level analysis seeks to explain individual outcomes in terms of both individual and environmental or aggregate variables. Ecologic fallacy (improper inference about individual-level associations based on ...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116207
更新日期：1992-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Although poorer self-rated health (SRH) is associated with increased mortality, less is known about its impact on functioning. This study evaluated whether poorer SRH was associated with decline in walking speed and whether caregiving, often considered an indicator of chronic stress, modified this relation. The sample...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/aje/kwq445
更新日期：2011-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Although coronary heart disease (CHD) is currently the leading cause of death among American Indians, information on the prevalence of CHD and its association with known cardiovascular risk factors is limited. The Strong Heart Study was initiated in 1988 to quantify cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among th...
journal_title：American journal of epidemiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117632
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
