Design and analysis of small-scale transmission experiments with animals.

abstract：:We examined multistate outbreaks attributed to raw tomatoes in the United States from 1990 to 2010. We summarized the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 15 outbreaks resulting in 1959 illnesses, 384 hospitalizations, and three deaths. Most (80%) outbreaks were reported during 2000-2010; 73% occurred Ma...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Bennett SD,Littrell KW,Hill TA,Mahovic M,Behravesh CB

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We describe here an examination of the validity of molecular types of Campylobacter jejuni as defined by separation of SmaI-digested DNA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), recently suggested as part of a molecular subtyping scheme. Thirty-four Danish strains from humans, water, poultry and cattle were assi...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： On SL,Nielsen EM,Engberg J,Madsen M

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A 12-month survey on the incidence of campylobacter infection in 1217 patients with diarrhoea was carried out in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Campylobacters were isolated from 55 (4.5%) patients, second in prevalence to salmonellas (6.2%). Shigellas were isolated from 4.2% of patients. Campylobacter isolation rates were high...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Zaman R

更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Virus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8.7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45.8%) samples, ...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Hughes MS,Coyle PV,Connolly JH

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of the methylene blue test for the examination of cows milk was investigated in an inter-laboratory survey. A poor relationship was found between results of these tests and total viable counts. Coliforms were detected in a large number of pasteurized milks, indicating frequent post-pasteurization contamination...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Greenwood MH,Gill P,Coetzee EF,Ford BM,Hooper WL,Matthews SC,Patrick S

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are similarly structured viruses with similar environmental survival, but different routes of transmission. While RSV is transmitted predominantly by direct and indirect contact, influenza is also transmitted by aerosol. The cold, dry conditions of temperate winters appe...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Paynter S

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Forty-five human rabies virus isolates from a wide geographical area of Brazil were characterized using an anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody panel and by partial nucleotide sequencing analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. Three major antigenic groups related to the antigenic variants maintained in domestic dogs, va...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Favoretto SR,de Mattos CC,de Mattos CA,Campos AC,Sacramento DR,Durigon EL

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A total of 4624 pneumococcal isolates from episodes of systemic pneumococcal disease were received at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health during the period 1995-2001. All isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to benzylpenicillin, lincomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethroprim sulphametho...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Pedersen MK,Høiby EA,Frøholm LO,Hasseltvedt V,Lermark G,Caugant DA

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A 2-year study from January 1981 to December 1982 was undertaken to determine the role of viruses in the causation of diarrhoea in hospitalized children in Pune, Maharashtra State, India. The stool samples of 426 children (213 diarrhoeal and 213 non-diarrhoeal controls) were investigated by electron microscopy and ELI...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Singh PB,Sreenivasan MA,Pavri KM

更新日期：1989-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The sequence of 165 nucleotides at the 3' end of the 1D (VP1) gene of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was determined for 44 type Asia 1 strains isolated from throughout Asia between 1954-92. Analysis of the relationships between the virus genomes showed epidemiological links not previously evident. The possible ori...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Ansell DM,Samuel AR,Carpenter WC,Knowles NJ

更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) have been detected in human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In 2005, HBoV was also discovered in infants and children with infections of the lower respiratory tract. Recently, several genotypes of this parvovirus, including HBoV genotype 2 (HBoV2), genotype 3 (HBoV3) and genotype 4 (HB...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Kang LH,Won YJ,Lee AR,Lee SG,Cho HG,Park YJ,Han JI,Paik SY

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neisseria cuniculi was isolated, between March 1987 and March 1989, from 38 cases of respiratory disease in small and large ruminants. In all but five cases N. cuniculi was cultured together with other potential respiratory pathogens. A survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of N. cuniculi in the pharyngeal reg...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Elad D,Shlomovitz S,Bernstein M,Bassan J

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test and post-mortem examination are the main diagnostic tools for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle in the British Isles. Latent class modelling is often used to estimate the bTB test characteristics due to the absence of a gold standard. However, the r...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： O'Hagan MJH,Ni H,Menzies FD,Pascual-Linaza AV,Georgaki A,Stegeman JA

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Orf of the hand is an uncommon zoonotic infection caused by a dermotropic DNA virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It is transmitted to humans through contact with infected sheep and goats and is reported as an occupational disease. We report nine cases of human orf seen in the hands ...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Uzel M,Sasmaz S,Bakaris S,Cetinus E,Bilgic E,Karaoguz A,Ozkul A,Arican O

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of Salmonella spp. found in the animal environment in pig herds with different Salmonella risks (61 herds with low seroprevalence, 81 herds with high seroprevalence) on a broad scale. The environmental samples were divided into two types: direct (n=1105) and in...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Gotter V,Blaha T,Klein G

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We prospectively studied diarrhoea incidence among 1655 children < 5 years of age in northern Vietnam for 1 year using primarily passive surveillance. Standard culture methods were used to detect bacterial pathogens. Overall 2160 cases occurred (13 cases/child per year). Peak rates of diarrhoea occurred in children < ...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Isenbarger DW,Hien BT,Ha HT,Ha TT,Bodhidatta L,Pang LW,Cam PD

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antimicrobial use in pig farming is influenced by a range of risk factors, including herd characteristics, biosecurity level, farm performance, occurrence of clinical signs and vaccination scheme, as well as farmers' attitudes and habits towards antimicrobial use. So far, the effect of these risk factors has been expl...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Collineau L,Bougeard S,Backhans A,Dewulf J,Emanuelson U,Grosse Beilage E,Lehébel A,Lösken S,Postma M,Sjölund M,Stärk KDC,Visschers VHM,Belloc C

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) regulation in adults is influenced by early psychosocial adversity, but the role of infectious disease history is poorly understood. We studied the association between cumulative pathogen burden and cortisol profile over the day in a sample of 317 healthy men and women aged ...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Steptoe A,Gylfe A,Shamaei-Tousi A,Bergstrom S,Henderson B

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis is famous for dramatically reducing puerperal mortality while he was an Assistant in Vienna's largest hospital, the Allgemeines Krankenhaus; he did this, mainly, by requiring medical personnel to disinfect their hands by washing in a chlorine solution. But Semmelweis was soon removed from his po...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Jadraque PP,Carter KC

更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An analysis was undertaken to measure age-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 2010/11 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (TIV) and monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine (PIV) administered in 2009/2010. The test-negative case-control study design was employed based on patients consulting primary care. Overall...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Pebody RG,Andrews N,Fleming DM,McMenamin J,Cottrell S,Smyth B,Durnall H,Robertson C,Carman W,Ellis J,Sebastian-Pillai P,Zambon M,Kearns C,Moore C,Thomas DR,Watson JM

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A total of 3522 samples of serum, collected anonymously from women attending an antenatal clinic, was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis C. The prevalence of anti-HCV was low; only five confirmed positives were found (0.14%). The prevalence of hepatitis B overall was 0.56%, but was 1.04% ...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Boxall E,Skidmore S,Evans C,Nightingale S

更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We report an evaluation of the accuracy of ELISA for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in humans. Eighty-eight studies published in 35 articles met all inclusion criteria and were submitted to meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0·779 (95% CI 0·770-0·789) and 0·913 (95% CI 0·908-0·917)...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Signorini ML,Lottersberger J,Tarabla HD,Vanasco NB

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the Isle of Thanet during December 1990 and January 1991. A total of 47 cases ranging in age from 2 months to 85 years were identified in residents from the Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate areas, with dates of onset of illness from 3 December to 14 January. A case-control...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Joseph C,Hamilton G,O'Connor M,Nicholas S,Marshall R,Stanwell-Smith R,Sims R,Ndawula E,Casemore D,Gallagher P

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rabies is a prevalent and re-emerging disease in South Africa particularly in rural areas with high human densities. Outbreaks are frequently reported in the north and eastern parts of this country, probably an indication of inadequacy in the control of the disease. Following the 2005/2006 outbreak in Limpopo, we unde...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Sabeta CT,Mkhize GC,Ngoepe EC

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Argentina, bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection is common in dairy herds. The country currently has a National Voluntary Control Programme but relatively few farms have enrolled. However, there is increased interest from authorities and farmers to implement regional compulsory programmes but there is scarce quant...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Monti GE,Frankena K,De Jong MC

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:From 1985 to 1988, a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the Tohoku District of the Honshu Island of Japan were examined for antibodies to swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), human coronavirus (HCV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV) by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Antibodies to HEV 67N s...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Hirano N,Suzuki Y,Haga S

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eradication of poliomyelitis most likely will occur. In fact, it is almost gone from the Western Hemisphere. Health workers in Sweden, Finland, and the Netherlands routinely vaccinate almost all children with the inactivated poliovaccines (IPV). Despite good vaccination coverage, polio can still occur. For example...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Melnick JL

更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We report a family cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection involving five patients in a family cluster in Dazhou, China, including the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiological findings. Three-generation transmission was observed. Through epidemiological investiga...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Sun Y,Tian L,Du X,Wang H,Li Y,Wu R

更新日期：2020-07-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The genotype of HCV was determined in 161 chronic HCV-infected patients. The patients were classified into three groups on the basis of the origin of the HCV infection: 50 patients had a history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) but no HIV infection; 41 patients had received blood transfusions, and 70 patients had no kno...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Cilla G,García-Bengoechea M,Perez-Trallero E,Montalvo I,Vicente D,Arenas JI

更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carrion is a major source of botulinal toxin for animals. A type D strain of Clostridium botulinum differed from type A and B strains in producing (1) much higher concentrations of toxin in putrefying mouse carcasses at several different temperatures over a period of 35 days, (2) toxicity that sometimes persisted in m...

journal_title：Epidemiology and infection

authors： Ortiz NE,Smith GR

更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00