Abstract:
:The human brain can be stimulated by a single intense magnetic pulse over the scalp. Currents induced within the cranium excite the motor cortex and cause limb muscles to contract. The discharge of single motor units, the firing of which is maintained by voluntary effort, can be modulated by magnetic stimuli. Peri-stimulus time histograms suggest that after a cortical stimulus spinal motoneurones are induced to fire by a sequence of EPSPs arising from a train of impulses transmitted monosynaptically over fast-conducting corticospinal fibres. In multiple sclerosis both dispersion of this descending volley and partial transmission failure can impair motoneurone excitation and may explain motor symptoms in these patients.
journal_name
Trends Neuroscijournal_title
Trends in neurosciencesauthors
Mills KRdoi
10.1016/0166-2236(91)90029-tsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-09-01 00:00:00pages
401-5issue
9eissn
0166-2236issn
1878-108Xpii
0166-2236(91)90029-Tjournal_volume
14pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::This is a great age to participate in biological inquiry. Behavioral neuroscience offers a rich perspective for molecular biologists. However, behavioral analysis is not simply an assay. Whereas molecular biology has become a unique tool in the armamentarium of behavioral neuroscience, the powerful methodology of mole...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01636-2
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) III protein uniquely found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and enteric glial cells. GFAP mRNA expression is regulated by several nuclear-receptor hormones, gr...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.003
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lyme disease is of interest to the neurologist and neuroscientist for a variety of reasons. As more arthropod hosts throughout the world are infected with the causative organism, Borrelia burgdorferi, the illness in humans is becoming more prevalent; in addition, recognition of the disease in humans and susceptible an...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90065-9
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in gene discovery for neurodevelopmental disorders have identified SCN2A dysfunction as a leading cause of infantile seizures, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. SCN2A encodes the neuronal sodium channel NaV1.2. Functional assays demonstrate strong correlation between genotype and phenotyp...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.011
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::High levels of expression of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) occur in neuronal tissues and play a strategic role in the modulation of short- and long-term functions (ion channels, receptor desensitization, neurotransmitter release and synaptic efficiency) that become modified during the brain ageing...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01084-9
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glia are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian nervous system and they have vital roles in neural development, function and health. However our understanding of the biology of glia is in its infancy. How do glia develop and interact with neurons? How diverse are glial populations? What are the primary functions...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.12.002
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The myelinated axon provides a model in which it is possible to examine how various types of ion channels are incorporated into a membrane to form an excitable neuronal process. The available evidence now indicates that mammalian myelinated fibers contain a repertoire of physiologically active membrane molecules inclu...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90068-l
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systematic genetic screens have been powerful tools in identifying genes responsible for axon guidance in fruitflies and nematodes. This approach has now been extended to the study of axon guidance and the formation of topographic neuronal connections in the vertebrate brain. A systematic genetic screen was used to id...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)40005-4
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic transmission and plasticity are shaped by the dynamic reorganization of signaling molecules within pre- and postsynaptic compartments. The nanoscale organization of key effector molecules has been revealed by single-particle trajectory (SPT) methods. Interestingly, this nanoscale organization is highly hetero...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.005
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A model is proposed whereby the spread of long-term potentiation (LTP) between potentiated and neighboring neurons is initiated by a retrograde signal that is restricted to the synaptic clefts of the potentiated neurons. Next, a change, such as enhanced release of neurotransmitter, occurs in the presynaptic boutons th...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93930-v
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of the complement system has been reported in a variety of inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative processes of the CNS. Recent evidence indicates that complement proteins and receptors are synthesized on or by glial cells and, surprisingly, neurons. Among these proteins are the receptors for the chemot...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01390-3
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transition from short- to long-term memory requires lasting modulations of synaptic connectivity. In a variety of species and learning tasks, enhanced synthesis of glycoprotein cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), such as neural CAM (NCAM) and Ll, 5-8 h post-training is a necessary step in this process. If the training...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)92774-k
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Compromise of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a potential basis for multiple physiological abnormalities and pathologies in the CNS. This could be because reduced protein turnover leads to bulk intracellular protein accumulation. However, conditions associated with compromised UPS function are also associated...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.003
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two recent monkey studies demonstrate that feedforward processing in the visual system is reflected by activity in the 40-90Hz gamma band, whereas feedback is reflected by activity in the 5-18Hz alpha and beta band. These findings can be applied to interpret human electrophysiological activity in complex visual tasks....
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.006
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::As we learn more about the functional expression of nicotinic receptors in specific brain regions such as the hippocampus, intriguing interactions are being uncovered at the cellular and circuit levels. Recent work from John Dani's laboratory provides important insights into how nicotinic receptors can modify hippocam...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02127-5
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::For several decades, the reactive gliosis that occurs after an injury to the CNS has been considered one of the major impediments to axonal regeneration. Nevertheless, recent studies have suggested that in certain conditions, reactive astrocytes may provide a permissive substratum to support axonal regrowth. The impor...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01139-9
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In their 1994 paper, Monyer et al. described unique functional properties and cell type-specific expression of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) GluN2 subunits, suggesting that the roles of NMDAR vary across brain regions and throughout development. This influential work not only provided insight into how molecular diversity impa...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2018.06.001
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although signs of empathy have now been well documented in non-human primates, only during the past few years have systematic observations suggested that a primal form of empathy exists in rodents. Thus, the study of empathy in animals has started in earnest. Here we review recent studies indicating that rodents are a...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.009
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioral evidence from phylogenetically diverse animals and from humans suggests that, by extracting temporal information inherent in the olfactory signal, olfaction is more involved in interpreting space and time than heretofore imagined. If this is the case, the olfactory system must have neural mechanisms capable...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.08.002
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::'Forward models' are increasingly recognized as a crucial explanatory concept in vertebrate motor control. The essential idea is that an important function implemented by nervous systems is prediction of the sensory consequences of action. This is often associated with higher cognitive capabilities; however, many of t...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.03.004
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endoplasmic reticulum responds to stress by initiating a cascade of events known as the 'unfolded-protein response' (UPR). The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the leukodystrophy Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease activates this stress response, resulting in apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Although it remains uncert...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00197-8
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The birth of new neurons in the walls of the adult brain lateral ventricles has captured the attention of many neuroscientists for over 2 decades, yielding key insights into the identity and regulation of neural stem cells (NSCs). In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), NSCs are a specialized form of ast...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.006
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The molecular nature of the metabotropic GABA(B) receptor was for some time a mystery, however it was recently discovered that two related G-protein-coupled receptors have to heterodimerize to form the functional GABA(B) receptor at the cell surface. This review discusses the most recent findings in the rapidly expand...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01815-4
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maladaptive responses to stress and the associated hypersecretion of glucocorticoids cause psychopathologies ranging from hyperemotional states and mood dysfunction to cognitive impairments. Research in both humans and animal models has begun to identify morphological correlates of these functional changes. These incl...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.006
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability to map functional activity in the living human brain has rekindled interest in the organization of human neural circuitry specifically and in animal neural circuitry generally. Faced with incredible complexity, researchers are turning to the power of computer graphics for two- and three-dimensional interac...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)92766-j
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroethics, a recently modernized field at the intersection of bioethics and neuroscience, is founded on centuries of discussion of the ethical issues associated with mind and behavior. Broadly defined, neuroethics is concerned with ethical, legal and social policy implications of neuroscience, and with aspects of ne...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.002
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Information that is congruent with existing knowledge (a schema) is usually better remembered than less congruent information. Only recently, however, has the role of schemas in memory been studied from a systems neuroscience perspective. Moreover, incongruent (novel) information is also sometimes better remembered. H...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.02.001
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stress is a major trigger of seizures in people with epilepsy. Exposure to stress results in the release of several stress mediators throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, a region sensitive to stress and prone to seizures. Stress mediators interact with their respective receptors to produce distinct effects...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.004
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracellular Ca2+ initiates physiological events as diverse as gene transcription, muscle contraction, cell division and exocytosis. Predictably, the metabolic machinery that elicits and responds to changes in intracellular Ca2+ is correspondingly heterogeneous. This review focuses on one element of this complex web ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A century after the discovery of acetylcholine (ACh), we recognize both ACh receptors, transporters, and synthesizing and degrading enzymes and regulators of their expression as contributors to cognition, metabolism, and immunity. Recent discoveries indicate that pre- and post-transcriptional ACh signaling controllers...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.007
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00