Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is an important cause of meningitis and pneumonia in children. Vaccine cost is a significant barrier to use in low income countries. Determining the size of the effects of the vaccine will enable cost-effectiveness comparisons with competing priorities in low income countries. OBJECTIVES:1. To determine the effects of conjugate Hib vaccine in preventing Hib disease or death in children under five years of age. 2. To determine any variation in effect with type of vaccine, number of doses, age at first dose, in children with known HIV infection, or in high and low income countries. 3. To determine any serious adverse outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2006, issue 4) which contains the Acute Respiratory Infections Group's specialized register; MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2006); EMBASE (1990 to June 2006) and scanned reference lists and contacting of authors of trial reports. SELECTION CRITERIA:All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccines compared with placebo or no treatment in children who were followed until at least two years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two review authors independently selected eligible studies and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS:Six studies were included in the review, and four in the meta-analyses. The overall quality of the trials was good. The relative risk for invasive Hib disease was 0.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.54; random-effects model), but there was statistically significant unexplained variation (heterogeneity) in the effects of the four trials in the meta-analysis (P = 0.002). The size of the effects did not appear to differ consistently with different vaccine types, the number of vaccine doses, age at first vaccination or use in high income versus low income countries, but the CIs for the effect estimates were wide. Hib-related mortality data showed a non-significant trend towards benefit (relative risk was 0.29; 95% CI 0.07 to 1.20; random-effects model). The relative risk for all cause mortality in the two trials from which data were available were 1.01 (95% CI 0.38 to 2.67, random-effects model) and 0.97. No serious adverse effects were reported in any of the trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:Hib vaccine is safe and effective. In resource-poor settings, decisions to use the vaccine will depend on its cost, the local burden of Hib disease and competing priorities.
journal_name
Cochrane Database Syst Revjournal_title
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsauthors
Swingler GH,Michaels D,Hussey GGdoi
10.1002/14651858.CD001729.pub3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-10-07 00:00:00pages
CD001729issue
4issn
1469-493Xpub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and resulting pulmonary embolism (PE) are uncommon but important complications of stroke. There is good evidence that anticoagulants can reduce the risk of DVT and PE after stroke, but this benefit is offset by a small but definite risk of serious haemorrhages. Physical methods to ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001922.pub2
更新日期:2004-10-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Given the substantial period of time adults spend in their workplaces each day, these provide an opportune setting for interventions addressing modifiable behavioural risk factors for chronic disease. Previous reviews of trials of workplace-based interventions suggest they can be effective in modifying a ran...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012439.pub2
更新日期:2018-11-14 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The risk of maternal mortality and morbidity (particularly postoperative infection) is higher for caesarean section (CS) than for vaginal birth. With the increasing rate of CS, it is important to minimise the risks to the mother as much as possible. This review focused on different forms and methods of preop...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007462.pub4
更新日期:2018-10-22 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Historically, corticosteroids have been the most commonly used class of medication for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (CD). Corticosteroids down regulate production of inflammatory cytokines and interfere with NF-kappaB production, thereby blunting inflammatory response. OBJECTIVES:The primary ob...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006792.pub2
更新日期:2008-04-16 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of recurrent miscarriage in women with a septate uterus has increased. Restoration of the morphology of the uterus can hypothetically increase live birth rate and subsequent pregnancies in women with a septate uterus and recurrent miscarriage. OBJECTIVES:To determine whether hysteroscopic met...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008576.pub3
更新日期:2011-06-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Traumatic hyphema is the entry of blood into the anterior chamber (the space between the cornea and iris) subsequent to a blow or a projectile striking the eye. Hyphema uncommonly causes permanent loss of vision. Associated trauma (e.g., corneal staining, traumatic cataract, angle recession glaucoma, optic a...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005431.pub2
更新日期:2011-01-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A huge clinical research database on adjuvant cancer treatment has verified improvements in breast cancer outcomes such as recurrence and mortality rates. On the other hand, adjuvant therapy with agents such as hormone therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy impacts on quality of life due to substantial short...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005001.pub2
更新日期:2006-10-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nasal polyps cause nasal obstruction, discharge and reduction in or loss of sense of smell, but their aetiology is unknown. The management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, aimed at improving these symptoms, includes both surgical and medical treatments, but there is no universally accepted manage...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006991.pub2
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) has been proposed as a means of reducing pain in labour. The TENS unit emits low-voltage electrical impulses which vary in frequency and intensity. During labour, TENS electrodes are generally placed on the lower back, although TENS may be used to stimulate acupuncture...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007214.pub2
更新日期:2009-04-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Spinal anaesthesia has been in use since the turn of the late 19th century. The most serious complication of this technique is damage to the spinal cord or nerve roots resulting in lasting neurologic sequelae. Such serious adverse effects seldom happen. There has been an increase in the number of reports dur...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003006
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Breastfeeding is important, however not all infants can feed at the breast and methods of expressing milk need evaluation. OBJECTIVES:To assess acceptability, effectiveness, safety, effect on milk composition, contamination and costs of methods of milk expression. SEARCH METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Pr...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006170.pub5
更新日期:2016-09-29 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of prescribing an antigen avoidance diet during pregnancy on the nutritional status of the mother and newborn and on the development of atopic disease in the child. The main focus is on women at high risk for giving birth to an atopic child, based on a history of atopic disease in the m...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000133
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Postoperative pain remains a significant issue with poor perioperative pain management associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Liposomal bupivacaine is an analgesic consisting of bupivacaine hydrochloride encapsulated within multiple, non-concentric lipid bi-layers offering a novel meth...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011476.pub2
更新日期:2016-08-25 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 (omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil) have been suggested to be beneficial in chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVES:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of n-3 for maintaining remission in Crohn's disease (CD). SEARCH STRATE...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006320.pub2
更新日期:2007-04-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The burden of poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) worldwide is substantial, disproportionately affecting those living in low- and middle-income countries. Targeted client communication (TCC) delivered via mobile devices (MD) (TCCMD) may improve the health behaviours and service use important for sexual...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013680
更新日期:2020-07-14 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sickle cell disease encompasses a group of genetic disorders characterized by the presence of at least one hemoglobin S (Hb S) allele, and a second abnormal allele that could allow abnormal hemoglobin polymerisation leading to a symptomatic disorder.Autosomal recessive disorders (such as sickle cell disease)...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007652.pub2
更新日期:2010-08-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Inspiratory muscle weakness has been observed in patients with stroke. Inspiratory muscle training is an intervention that has shown possible effects for functional recovery of patients with stroke. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the effect and safety of inspiratory muscle training for improving activities of da...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009360.pub2
更新日期:2012-05-16 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Numerous medications are available for the acute treatment of migraine in adults, and some have now been approved for use in children and adolescents in the ambulatory setting. A systematic review of acute treatment of migraine medication trials in children and adolescents will help clinicians make evidence-...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005220.pub2
更新日期:2016-04-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a psychosocial treatment that aims to help individuals re-evaluate their appraisals of their experiences that can affect their level of distress and problematic behaviour. CBT is now recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as an add-o...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008712.pub3
更新日期:2018-11-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Adolescents with asthma are at high risk of poor adherence with treatment. This may be compounded by activities that worsen asthma, in particular smoking. Additional support above and beyond routine care has the potential to encourage good self-management. We wanted to find out whether sessions led by their ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012331.pub2
更新日期:2017-04-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Diabetes is a chronic illness characterised by insulin resistance or deficiency, resulting in elevated glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Diet and adherence to dietary advice is associated with lower HbA1c levels and control of disease. Dietary history may be an effective clinical tool for diabetes...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008488.pub2
更新日期:2011-12-07 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder which can lead to multiorgan dysfunction. Malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) may occur and can cause subclinical deficiencies of some of these vitamins. Vitamin K is known to play an important role in both blood coagulation and bone formation. Sup...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008482.pub2
更新日期:2011-01-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Of the eight trials conducted since 1984 investigating the use of zinc in the treatment of the common cold, four have shown some benefit while the remainder have shown no benefit. Treatment masking and reduced bioavailability of zinc from some formulations have been claimed to influence the results reported....
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub2
更新日期:2007-07-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nutritional support in the critically ill child has not been well investigated and is a controversial topic within paediatric intensive care. There are no clear guidelines as to the best form or timing of nutrition in critically ill infants and children. This is an update of a review that was originally publ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005144.pub3
更新日期:2016-05-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Salmonella infections are a common bacterial cause of invasive disease in people with sickle cell disease especially children, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Although available in some centres, people with sickle cell anaemia are not routinely immunized with salmonella vaccines. ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006975.pub3
更新日期:2015-06-05 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Psychological interventions are widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). OBJECTIVES:To perform a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of all psychological treatments following the guidelines of The Cochrane Collaboration. SEARCH STRATEGY:Systematic searches of com...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub3
更新日期:2007-07-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Over the last two decades, a long protocol of Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) to prevent premature LH surges has been the standard treatment for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction. In the long protocols (with GnRHa started either in the mid luteal phase or in the early follicular ph...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001750
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Limited evidence supports a hypothesis suggesting that schizophrenic symptoms may be the result of altered neuronal membrane structure and metabolism. This structure and metabolism is dependent on blood plasma levels of certain essential fatty acids and their metabolites. OBJECTIVES:To review the effects po...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001257
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Early accurate detection of all skin cancer types is essential to guide appropriate management and to improve morbidity and survival. Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are high-risk skin cancers, which have the potential to metastasise and ultimately lead to death, whereas basal cell carcinoma (BCC)...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013189
更新日期:2018-12-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Methadone is an opioid used in the management of cancer pain both in opioid naïve patients and in rotation from other opioids. A particular role in neuropathic pain has been suggested. The quest for evidence based palliative care prompted a formal appraisal of methadone in comparison with other analgesics. ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003971.pub2
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00