Abstract:
:Epidemiologic and experimental evidence reviewed in this article emphasizes the complex and multifactorial etiology of endemic goiter. The important role of iodine deficiency as an etiologic factor in endemic goiter is firmly established, but there is evidence that other environmental factors can play an equally important role in the pathogenesis of this condition. Chemical categories, sources, and sites of action of the various classes of naturally occurring goitrogens and antithyroid agents are reviewed in this article. Evidence of the presence of these compounds in foodstuffs and drinking water is discussed. Bacterial contamination of water supplies also appears to be important in the development of goiter. Microorganisms appear to intervene in the biosynthesis and degradation of organic goitrogenic pollutants or may induce thyroid growth-promoting activity in the host, or both. Malnutrition and poor socioeconomic conditions, as for iodine deficiency, enhance the action of environmental goitrogens. Thus, a coordinated multidisciplinary approach is essential to solving this public health problem.
journal_name
Annu Rev Nutrjournal_title
Annual review of nutritionauthors
Gaitan Edoi
10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.000321subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-01-01 00:00:00pages
21-39eissn
0199-9885issn
1545-4312journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::A full review of the strengths and limitations of the various methods used to define amino acid requirements is provided. The focus is on the recent development of carbon oxidation techniques such as indicator amino acid oxidation and 24-h amino acid balance to determine dietary indispensable (essential) amino acid ne...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073247
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dietary proteins and amino acids are important modulators of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Although high intake of dietary proteins has positive effects on energy homeostasis by inducing satiety and possibly increasing energy expenditure, it has detrimental effects on glucose homeostasis by promoting ins...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092545
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent throughout the world, and growing evidence supports a requirement for optimal vitamin D levels for the healthy developing and adult brain. Vitamin D has important roles in proliferation and differentiation, calcium signaling within the brain, and neurotrophic and neuroprotective actio...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105557
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cholesterol and its metabolites play a variety of essential roles in living systems. Virtually all animal cells require cholesterol, which they acquire through synthesis or uptake, but only the liver can degrade cholesterol. The ABCA1 gene product regulates the rate-controlling step in the removal of cellular choleste...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111214
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::How much vitamin E is enough? An established use of supplemental vitamin E in humans is in the prevention and therapy of deficiency symptoms. The cause of vitamin E deficiency, characterized by peripheral neuropathy and ataxia, is usually malabsorption-a result of fat malabsorption or genetic abnormalities in lipoprot...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001541
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has received much attention in recent years. However, it started about a century ago with the observation that oligosaccharides might be growth factors for a so-called bifidus flora in breast-fed infants and extends to the recent finding of cell adhesion molecules in huma...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.699
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Taste is a chemical sense that aids in the detection of nutrients and guides food choice. A limited number of primary qualities comprise taste. Accumulating evidence has raised a question about whether fat should be among them. Most evidence indicates triacylglycerol is not an effective taste stimulus, though it clear...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141108
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given their similar physiochemical properties, it is a logical postulate that iron and copper metabolism are intertwined. Indeed, iron-copper interactions were first documented over a century ago, but the homeostatic effects of one on the other has not been elucidated at a molecular level to date. Recent experimental ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161215
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, nutritionally directed alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism appear to be adaptive and to serve important protective roles in the overall economy of the body. These adjustments to nutrition are found at practically every level of thyroid regulation, beginning in the CNS and ending with the final action...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.09.070189.001221
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thirty years ago, it was suggested that maternal intake of certain vitamins during pregnancy affected the incidence of serious fetal malformations. Subsequent research has revealed that folate (folic acid), a B vitamin, plays a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system during the early weeks of ges...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.000445
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a growing view that certain foods, particularly those high in refined sugars and fats, are addictive and that some forms of obesity can usefully be treated as a food addiction. This perspective is supported by a growing body of neuroscience research demonstrating that the chronic consumption of energy-dense f...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050909
更新日期:2016-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition that mitochondria participate in folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism grew out of pioneering work beginning in the 1950s from the laboratories of D.M. Greenberg, C.G. Mackenzie, and G. Kikuchi. These studies revealed mitochondria as the site of oxidation of one-carbon donors such as serine, glycine, s...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104810
更新日期:2010-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most severe congenital malformations of the central nervous system. The etiology is complex, with both genetic and environmental factors having important contributions. Researchers have known for the past two decades that maternal periconceptional use of the B vitamin folic acid can ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034235
更新日期:2017-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::Trans fatty acids raise plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in volunteers when exchanged for cis unsaturated fatty acids in the diet. In addition, trans fatty acids may lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and raise triglyceride and lipoprotein(a) levels in plasma. Trans and cis ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.002353
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bone minerals and vitamin D are crucial for infants and small children. Human milk has little vitamin D, and supplemental vitamin D must be given to all infants either via drops or as contained in infant formula or foods. The calcium and phosphorus in human milk are adequate for infants in the first six months of life...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145216
更新日期:2011-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::The health benefits of pre- and probiotics have been the subject of increased research interests. These food supplements have been demonstrated to alter the pre-existing intestinal flora so as to provide an advantage to the host. This review focuses on the scientific evidence both for and against their role in promoti...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.110901.145412
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose is an essential nutrient for the human body. It is the major energy source for many cells, which depend on the bloodstream for a steady supply. Blood glucose levels, therefore, are carefully maintained. The liver plays a central role in this process by balancing the uptake and storage of glucose via glycogenes...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.379
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the recent resurgence of interest in the clinical uses of vitamin E, one of the major foci of attention has been the neurologic role of vitamin E in humans. Studies in patients with secondary vitamin E deficiency, caused by fat malabsorption disorders and total parenteral nutrition lacking an adequate supply of...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.08.070188.002031
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the past, alcoholic liver disease was attributed exclusively to dietary deficiencies, but experimental and judicious clinical studies have now established alcohol's hepatotoxicity. Despite an adequate diet, it can contribute to the entire spectrum of liver diseases, mainly by generating oxidative stress through its...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.395
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nutrient content and nutrient timing are considered key regulators of human health and a variety of diseases and involve complex interactions with the mucosal immune system. In particular, the innate immune system is emerging as an important signaling hub that modulates the response to nutritional signals, in part via...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-120919-094440
更新日期:2020-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances in the knowledge of iron metabolism underscore its complex relationship to overall cell metabolism. One of the key components of the iron uptake and storage pathway is ferritin, a protein that sequesters iron in a nontoxic form. Ferritin synthesis is translationally regulated by iron. Molecules such as...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001323
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iron deficiency in early life is associated with delayed development as assessed by a number of clinical trials using similar global scales of development; this poor development during infancy persists in most cases after iron therapy has corrected iron status. If iron deficiency occurs in preschool and older children...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.020102.075739
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than one million Americans were expected to be diagnosed with cancer in 2003 (7a). Compelling experimental, epidemiological, and clinical evidence indicates that many cancers are preventable, especially because diet and nutrition are key factors in the modulation of cancer risk. The road to nutritional interventi...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132315
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Identifying bioactive compounds and establishing their health effects are active areas of scientific inquiry. There are exciting prospects that select bioactive compounds will reduce the risk of many diseases, including chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Recent findings have established that cardiovascul...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073237
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Agency for Research on Cancer recently released an assessment classifying red and processed meat as "carcinogenic to humans" on the basis of the positive association between increased consumption and risk for colorectal cancer. Diet, however, can also decrease the risk for colorectal cancer and be us...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051039
更新日期:2016-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are modulated by the nutrients that replace them and their food matrices. Replacement of SFAs with polyunsaturated fatty acids has been associated with reduced CVD risk, although there is heterogeneity in both fatty acid categories. In co...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034449
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apart from being an important macronutrient, dietary fat has recently gained much prominence for its role in regulating gene expression. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect gene expression through various mechanisms including, but not limited to, changes in membrane composition, intracellular calcium levels, an...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.051804.101917
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The biosynthesis of one riboflavin molecule requires one molecule of GTP and two molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate as substrates. The imidazole ring of GTP is hydrolytically opened, yielding a 4, 5-diaminopyrimidine which is converted to 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2, 4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione by a sequence of deamination, ...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.153
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of dietary protein in weight loss and weight maintenance encompasses influences on crucial targets for body weight regulation, namely satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition. Protein-induced satiety may be mainly due to oxidation of amino acids fed in excess, especially in diets with "...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141056
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Investigations into regulating metabolic pathways with stable isotopes have, over the past decade, undergone major development with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry in studying labeling patterns of newly synthesized biomolecules. In this review, we concentrate on investigations of mass isoto...
journal_title:Annual review of nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.559
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00