Abstract：
:The myelinated axon provides a model in which it is possible to examine how various types of ion channels are incorporated into a membrane to form an excitable neuronal process. The available evidence now indicates that mammalian myelinated fibers contain a repertoire of physiologically active membrane molecules including at least four types of ion channels and an electrogenic Na+,K(+)-pump. Physiological properties of myelinated fibers reflect the distribution of these various types of channels and pumps, as well as interactions with myelinating Schwann cells in the PNS or oligodendrocytes in the CNS. A growing body of data also suggests a role for astrocytes and Schwann cells at nodes of Ranvier. This article reviews the current understanding of the ion channel organization of the mammalian myelinated fiber.
journal_name
Trends Neuroscijournal_title
Trends in neurosciencesauthors
Black JA,Kocsis JD,Waxman SGdoi
10.1016/0166-2236(90)90068-lsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-02-01 00:00:00pages
48-54issue
2eissn
0166-2236issn
1878-108Xpii
0166-2236(90)90068-Ljournal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Compromise of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a potential basis for multiple physiological abnormalities and pathologies in the CNS. This could be because reduced protein turnover leads to bulk intracellular protein accumulation. However, conditions associated with compromised UPS function are also associated...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.003
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To understand the role of a gene in adult behavior, it is necessary to control its expression in four dimensions: space and time. Two recent papers describe implementation of different but related technologies that now provide this missing element in fly behavioral research. ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.013
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Foraging-associated predation risk is a natural problem all prey must face. Fear evolved due to its protective functions, guiding and shaping behaviors that help animals adapt to various ecological challenges. Despite the breadth of risky situations in nature that demand diversity in fear behaviors, contemporary neuro...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.001
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in gene discovery for neurodevelopmental disorders have identified SCN2A dysfunction as a leading cause of infantile seizures, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. SCN2A encodes the neuronal sodium channel NaV1.2. Functional assays demonstrate strong correlation between genotype and phenotyp...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.011
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracellular Ca2+ initiates physiological events as diverse as gene transcription, muscle contraction, cell division and exocytosis. Predictably, the metabolic machinery that elicits and responds to changes in intracellular Ca2+ is correspondingly heterogeneous. This review focuses on one element of this complex web ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Activation of the complement system has been reported in a variety of inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative processes of the CNS. Recent evidence indicates that complement proteins and receptors are synthesized on or by glial cells and, surprisingly, neurons. Among these proteins are the receptors for the chemot...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01390-3
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resolvins, including D and E series resolvins, are endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation from the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Resolvins have potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution actions in severa...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.005
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic pain is sustained by central neuronal sensitization, with many similar characteristics irrespective of the type of injury incurred. Nevertheless, pain arising from nerve injury (neuropathic pain) is resistant to centrally acting analgesics, whereas inflammatory pain responds well. New research indicates that t...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2004.03.014
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:GABAergic interneurons innervating the perisomatic region of pyramidal cells control population discharge patterns, and thereby all cognitive operations in the cerebral cortex. A striking dichotomy in the function of this interneuron population seems to emerge from the synthesis of recent molecular, anatomical and ele...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00227-3
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The complexity and inaccessibility of the vertebrate CNS impede the localization and description of memory traces and the definition of the processes that create them. Recent work has shown that the spinal stretch reflex (SSR), which is produced by a monosynaptic two-neuron pathway, can be operantly conditioned, and t...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(90)90005-u
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human brain can be stimulated by a single intense magnetic pulse over the scalp. Currents induced within the cranium excite the motor cortex and cause limb muscles to contract. The discharge of single motor units, the firing of which is maintained by voluntary effort, can be modulated by magnetic stimuli. Peri-sti...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(91)90029-t
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A fundamental problem in systems neuroscience is mapping the physical properties of a stimulus to perceptual characteristics. In vision, wavelength translates into color; in audition, frequency translates into pitch. Although odorant concentration is a key feature of olfactory stimuli, we do not know how concentration...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2014.05.005
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since early anatomical descriptions, the existence of dendritic spines has stimulated intense curiosity and speculation about their regulation and function. Research over the past three decades has described an impressive mutability in dendritic-spine number and morphology under a variety of physiological circumstance...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01576-9
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Modern neuroscientific techniques that specifically manipulate and measure neuronal activity in behaving animals now allow bridging of the gap from the cellular to the behavioral level. However, in doing so, they also pose new challenges. Research using incompletely defined manipulations in a high-dimensional space wi...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.01.002
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Astrocytes, which constitute the most abundant cell type in mammalian brain, are extensively coupled to one another through gap junctions composed mainly of connexin43. In regions exhibiting high levels of connexin43 expression, tens of astrocytes are labeled following single-cell intracellular injection. Importantly,...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(96)10046-1
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During prenatal brain development, ion channels are ubiquitous across several cell types, including progenitor cells and migrating neurons but their function has not been clear. In the past, ion channel dysfunction has been primarily studied in the context of postnatal, differentiated neurons that fire action potentia...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2019.12.004
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxytocin and vasopressin are regulators of anxiety, stress-coping, and sociality. They are released within hypothalamic and limbic areas from dendrites, axons, and perikarya independently of, or coordinated with, secretion from neurohypophysial terminals. Central oxytocin exerts anxiolytic and antidepressive effects, ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.004
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Navigation depends upon neural systems that monitor spatial location and head orientation. Recent developmental findings have led some to conclude that these systems are innate. Such claims are premature. But also, there are more meaningful ways to arrive at answers about developmental origins than by invoking the out...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2015.01.001
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In their 1994 paper, Monyer et al. described unique functional properties and cell type-specific expression of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) GluN2 subunits, suggesting that the roles of NMDAR vary across brain regions and throughout development. This influential work not only provided insight into how molecular diversity impa...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.06.001
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Purinergic receptors, represented by several families, are arguably the most abundant receptors in living organisms and appeared early in evolution. After slow acceptance, purinergic signalling in both peripheral and central nervous systems is a rapidly expanding field. Here, we emphasize purinergic co-transmission, m...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2008.10.001
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In contrast to innocuous stimuli, which only have transient effects when applied to the body surface, noxious stimuli generate persistent changes in the nervous system. This nociceptive memory manifests itself most prominently as a post-injury sensitization where, after tissue damage, the avoidance reaction and pain t...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(91)90024-o
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensory representations are repeatedly transformed by neural computations that determine which of their attributes can be effectively processed at each stage. Whereas some early computations are common across multiple sensory systems, they can utilize dissimilar underlying mechanisms depending on the properties of eac...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2009.12.004
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A large body of evidence suggests that neural plasticity contributes to learning and disease. Recent studies suggest that cortical map plasticity is typically a transient phase that improves learning by increasing the pool of task-relevant responses. Here, I discuss a new perspective on neural plasticity and suggest h...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2012.09.002
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Presynaptic NMDA receptors (preNMDARs) play pivotal roles in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. They facilitate presynaptic neurotransmitter release and modulate mechanisms controlling synaptic maturation and plasticity during formative periods of brain development. There is an increasing understand...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2015.11.001
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anhedonia, or markedly diminished interest or pleasure, is a hallmark symptom of major depression, schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the past three decades, the clinical definition of anhedonia has remained relatively unchanged, although cognitive psychology and behavioral neuroscience have expa...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) has recently been identified as a crucial player in the regulation of synaptic function. It is restricted to neurons within the CNS and acts by downregulating the activity of MAP kinases, the tyrosine kinase Fyn and NMDA receptors. By modulating these substrates, STEP acts...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.007
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A general assay for evaluating functional interactions between ligands and G-protein-coupled receptors within minutes has been developed. The system uses the principles employed by animals such as reptiles, amphibians and fish to control their colors. In nature, activation of G-protein-coupled receptors expressed by s...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(94)90087-6
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Korsakoff's disease is an amnesic syndrome associated with midline diencephalic and brain stem pathology. A number of neurochemical systems course through or near the loci of brain lesions found postmortem in Korsakoff patients, which has stimulated studies to learn whether these systems are implicated in amnesia. Dat...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(90)90146-2
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mis-sense mutations of presenilin 1 increase the release of amyloidogenic peptide from amyloid precursor protein (APP) and are a major cause of familial Alzheimer's Disease. Loss-of-function mutations of presenilins in the mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila result in severe developmental defects caused by di...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01455-1
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is generally thought that monoamines play a nonspecific role in modulating cortical activity. However, several lines of evidence now indicate that cortical monoaminergic afferents show remarkable anatomical specificity. In particular, there is unequivocal evidence for regional, laminar and intracortical specificity...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(89)90037-4
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
