Abstract:
:This paper is not a comprehensive review of the literature. Rather, it is a viewpoint based upon advances in other fields of medicine and genetics that may provide a model for guiding research in psychiatry. The paper discusses the major limitations of the medicines currently used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar illness. The limitations in our understanding of the molecular causes of these two illnesses and our lack of a clear mechanism of action for many of the medicines used to treat them continue to confound the field and impede progress towards finding novel treatments. Until the genetic bases of bipolar illness and schizophrenia are unambiguously identified, progress towards improved diagnosis and treatment will be retarded. An approach to identifying risk genes based upon association studies starting with very large sample sizes based upon currently available diagnoses of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia is advocated.
journal_name
Biol Psychiatryjournal_title
Biological psychiatryauthors
Scolnick EMdoi
10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.022subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-06-01 00:00:00pages
1039-45issue
11eissn
0006-3223issn
1873-2402pii
S0006-3223(06)00240-Xjournal_volume
59pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with selective attention were recorded in 21 children at high-risk for schizophrenia and in 21 matched controls. The subjects performed a selective listening task. For behavioral evaluation, target counts on the selective listening task and on cognitive performance w...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90294-a
更新日期:1992-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the induction of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-inducible sequences (TIS)1, 7, 8, 11, and 21 in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum after electroconvulsive shock (ECS). These genes were reported to be induced by depolarization in PC-12 cells. Single ECS induced TIS1, 8, 11, and 21, but not TIS7 ...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00430-0
更新日期:1996-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the serotonin and dopamine metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), respectively, were measured in a group of 17 children with Autistic Disorder (DSM-III-R). The group means observed for 5HIAA (135 +/- 91 nmol/L) and HVA (502 +/- 324 nmol/...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90102-j
更新日期:1993-04-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and homovanillic acid have been associated with behavioral abnormalities in nonhuman primates, and with psychopathology in studies of children and adults. METHODS:We assay...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00170-x
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Federal regulations governing human subjects research call for additional protections for the "mentally disabled." However, there is currently no consensus definition of mental disability or guidelines for how these research subjects should be protected. This ambiguity complicates the work of institutional review boar...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00168-7
更新日期:1999-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Plasma norepinephrine (NE), free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG), and binding of tritiated yohimbine to platelet membranes were measured in 14 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), who were matched for age and sex with 14 patients with unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and 14 normal su...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90158-3
更新日期:1989-01-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:K-complexes (KCs) are evoked delta frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) responses during sleep that occur when large numbers of healthy cortical cells burst fire in a synchronized manner. The KC amplitude and incidence are sensitive measures of normal healthy brain aging. Given the known neurodegenerative co...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.010
更新日期:2009-07-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous reports of ventricular and hippocampal volumes in patients with bipolar disorder (BP) have been inconsistent in their findings. One possibility is that volumetric abnormalities are determined by disease subtype. Prior evidence suggests that psychotic (PBP) and nonpsychotic (NPBP) forms of BP are two...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.009
更新日期:2005-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::The authors evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of deep white matter hyperintensity (DWMH) in 90 adult psychiatric inpatients in whom MRIs were clinically indicated and 25 age-matched, medically healthy controls. Forty-two percent of the psychiatric patients and 12% of the controls had evidence of DWMH on MRI. ...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90058-t
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The val66met variant located within the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) has previously been associated with human neuroticism, a dimension of personality strongly predictive of depressive illness. METHODS:Here we report an attempt to replicate this association using three populations of extrem...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.014
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adrenocorticosteroids and serotonergic neurons exert reciprocal regulatory actions, and both are abnormal in depression. We evaluated whether glucocorticoids influence the serotonin transporter in rat platelets and brain by infusing dexamethasone for 26 days, sufficient for replacement of the entire platelet populatio...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00469-6
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The addition of lithium to perphenazine altered the pattern of plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) during the course of treatment for acute psychosis. In the perphenazine-treated group plasma HVA declined significantly by days 7-9 of treatment, whereas in the perphenazine-plus-lithium group plasma HVA tended to increase. T...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90190-b
更新日期:1992-12-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies suggest circadian rhythm disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep-onset insomnia (SOI). We investigate here sleep and rhythms in activity and melatonin in adults with ADHD. METHODS:Sleep logs and actigraphy data were collected during 1 week in ...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.032
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Several studies have found that alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) can effectively treat tardive dyskinesia (TD). A limitation of these trials is their short treatment durations (maximum of 12 weeks), which do not allow us to address the effects of long-term treatment. METHODS:To participate, patients had to have...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00027-9
更新日期:1998-06-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Preclinical studies demonstrate that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) increases serotonin-2A receptor (5-HT(2A)R) density in rat frontal cortex. METHODS:We investigated the impact of hormone replacement therapy on 5-HT(2A)R binding potential (BP) using positron emission tomography and [(18)F]altanserin in five postm...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00967-7
更新日期:2000-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::A group of 29 bipolar manic-depressives completed a 12-month double-blind cross-over trial of low-dose and high-dose lithium prophylaxis. Twelve patients relapsed, and significantly more of the relapses occurred during the low-dose 6-month phase of the trial. There was a trend for relapse to occur within 2 months of a...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The psychiatric histories of relatives of 17 boys admitted to an inpatient unit with "unsocialized aggressive" behavior and of 19 boys admitted with other problems were investigated by means of structured interviews. The interviews were rated blind and diagnoses made on the respondents and relatives described in the f...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exploiting synteny between mouse and human disease loci has been proposed as a cost-effective method for the identification of human susceptibility genes. Here we explore its utility in an analysis of a human personality trait, neuroticism, which can be modeled in mice by tests of emotionality. We investigat...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.019
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychological functions that are behaviorally and neurally well specified may serve as endophenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research. Such endophenotypes, which lie between genes and symptoms, may relate more directly to relevant genetic variability than does the clinical ADHD syndrome it...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.026
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Auditory evoked potentials were recorded using a paired click, conditioning-testing paradigm in 10 schizophrenics and in 10 normal subjects with no family history of psychotic disorder. The paradigm is used to demonstrate central nervous system gating of responsiveness to auditory stimuli by examining the extent to wh...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90215-1
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., depression, are linked to imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and prefrontal cortical dysfunction, and are concomitant with chronic stress. METHODS:We used electrophysiologic (n = 5-6 animals, 21-25 cells/group), neuroanatomic (n = 6-8/group),...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2101
更新日期:2016-11-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In this study we extended previous work by examining whether disturbances in the circadian rhythms of cortisol during the menstrual cycle distinguish patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) from normal control (NC) subjects. In addition, we tested the differential response to the effects of earl...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00876-3
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we previously reported abnormalities in two critical white matter tracts in schizophrenia, the uncinate fasciculus (UF) and the cingulum bundle (CB), both related to fronto-temporal connectivity. Here, we investigate these two bundles in unmedicated subjects with schizot...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.016
更新日期:2005-09-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Working memory impairments are commonly found in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often improve with psychostimulant treatment. Little is known about how these medications affect the function of frontoparietal brain regions engaged for working memory. This study used functional magnetic re...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.011
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mood disorders are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescence. As a result, many adolescents are treated with psychopharmacologic agents such as antidepressants and mood stabilizers. To date, research into the safety and efficacy of these medications has lagged behind clinical practice. ...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01149-0
更新日期:2001-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence and role of sleep disorders in the sexual problems of diabetic patients remain unexplored. This study was conducted on 40 diabetic men carefully screened to exclude the confounding effects of other medical illnesses or drugs likely to impair sexual function and 40 age-matched healthy volunteers. They un...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90388-t
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The high-risk strategy is one of the most powerful approaches for identifying premorbid risk factors and reducing etiologic and phenotypic heterogeneity characteristic of the major psychiatric disorders. METHODS:This paper reviews the methods of high-risk research and findings from previous high-risk studie...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00172-9
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The functional role of cholecystokinin in the central nervous system is unknown. The tetra peptide CCK-4 was previously observed to induce panic attacks in a majority of normal volunteers and patients with panic disorder. Furthermore, it had been demonstrated that pretreatment with 10-50 mg of L-365,260, a selective C...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00190-E
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The specific binding to platelet membranes (Bmax) of 3H-clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, and 3H-yohimbine, an alpha-2 antagonist, was measured in nine drug-free male schizophrenic patients and repeated after 2 weeks of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Patients with a lower pretreatment Bmax for 3H-clonidine showed a sign...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-3223(85)90025-3
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia may be related to morphologic abnormalities of pyramidal neurons in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (dPFC) and the largest pyramidal neurons in deep layer 3 may be most affected. Immunoreactivity (IR) for the nonphosphorylated epitopes of neurofilament protein (NNFP) ident...
journal_title:Biological psychiatry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00294-4
更新日期:2003-07-15 00:00:00