Abstract:
:In order to conserve material that is available in limited quantities, "directed-flow" nose-only exposure systems have at times been run at flow rates close to the minute ventilation of the animal. Such low-flow-rate conditions can contribute to a decrease of test substance concentration in inhaled air; near the animal nose, exhaled air and the directed flow of exposure air move in opposite directions. With a Cannon "directed-flow" nose-only exposure system (Lab Products, Maywood, NJ), we investigated the extent to which exposure air plus exhaled air can be inhaled by an animal. A mathematical model and a mechanical simulation of respiration were adopted to predict for a male Fischer 344 rat the concentration of test substance in inhaled air. The mathematical model was based on the assumption of instantaneous mixing. The mechanical simulation of respiration used a Harvard respirator. When the system was operated at an exposure air flow rate greater than 2.5 times the minute ventilation of the animal, the concentration of test substance in the inhaled air was reduced by less than 10%. Under these conditions, the circular jet of air exiting the exposure air delivery tube tended to reach the animal's nose with little dispersion. For exposure air flow rates less than 2 times the minute ventilation, we predict that the interaction of exhaled air and exposure air can be minimized by proportionally reducing the delivery tube diameter. These findings should be applicable to similar "directed-flow" nose-only exposure systems.
journal_name
Inhal Toxicoljournal_title
Inhalation toxicologyauthors
Moss OR,James RA,Asgharian Bdoi
10.1080/08958370500282555subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-01-01 00:00:00pages
45-51issue
1eissn
0895-8378issn
1091-7691pii
K137J093P2450743journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Risk assessment of occupational exposure to nanomaterials is needed. Human data are limited, but quantitative data are available from rodent studies. To use these data in risk assessment, a scientifically reasonable approach for extrapolating the rodent data to humans is required. One approach is allometric adjustment...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370600747887
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to characterize the respiratory effects of single and repeated controlled exposures to clean warm humid and cold dry air in a new model of anesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea pigs, and to compare findings with known effects in humans. Intratracheal air (T(tr)) and retrotracheal t...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370050085129
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a c...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.633281
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Washed human erythrocytes were incubated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles at 37 degrees C for 1 hr and hemolysis was determined by the percentage of hemoglobin released (optical density at 540 nm; OD540) from the cells. Effects of TiO2 on OD540 were corrected and dose-response curves were analyzed by the Hill pl...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370802304123
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune and hematological systems can be a target for environmental contaminants with potential adverse effects, so the purpose of this study is to provide documentation on immunotoxicity and hematotoxicity of tetrachloroethylene, which is widely used in dry cleaning in Egypt. This study was carried out on 80 adult...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958370902934894
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) may be related to the immune system. The objective of this study was to obtain information for immunotoxic mechanisms of MWCNT in situ. METHODS:Using whole-body inhalation, male and female rats were exposed to 0, 0.2, 1 or 5 mg MWCNT/m³ for 13 weeks. The...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2014.953275
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with acute exacerbations of airflow obstruction. Additionally, elderly individuals are more susceptible to increased functional morbidity following acute PM exposure. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study is to determine the aging effects of PM exposure on the respon...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.731436
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Increases in particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) in ambient air is linked to acute cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Specific components and potential emission sources of PM(2.5) responsible for adverse health effects of cardiovascular function are unclear. METHODS:Spontaneously hypertensive...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.580387
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several pharmacokinetic studies on inhalation exposure to manganese (Mn) have already demonstrated that Mn readily accumulates in the olfactory and brain regions. However, a shortening of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 relaxation time or high T1 signal intensity in specific sites of the brain, including the g...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370701516108
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:Eleven carbohydrates and natural product ingredients were added individually to experimental cigarettes. OBJECTIVE:A battery of tests was used to compare toxicity of mainstream smoke from these experimental cigarettes to matched control cigarettes without test ingredients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Smoke fraction...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.545085
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bronchial epithelial cells exposed to allergens typically secrete chemokines to recruit eosinophils. Persistent inflammation and repair responses result in airway remodeling and irreversible airflow limitation. House dust mite (HDM) is a common allergen causing allergic disorders. Thioredoxin (TRX) is a redox protein ...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370802368730
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) bind and facilitate degradation of RNA and inhibit protein expression in pathways not easily targeted with small molecules or antibodies. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 potentiate signaling through the shared IL-4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) subunit of their receptors. ASO targeting of IL-4Rα m...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2014.907587
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To elucidate dose-response and other effects of diesel particles in guinea pigs chronically exposed to diesel exhaust, various biomarkers for chronic obstructive lung diseases were studied using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood specimens. Guinea pigs were exposed 16 h/day, 6 days/wk, for 6, 12, 18, or 24 m...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370290084773
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A low-cutoff, high-volume conventional impactor has been designed. This sampler uses a slit-shaped acceleration jet and operates at 1100 L/min. The impaction substrate is polyurethane foam (PUF). The impactor collection efficiency was characterized using polydisperse particles, and the 50% size cutoff point was 0.12 ¡...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958378.2000.11463198
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Irritant-induced inflammation of the airways may aggravate respiratory allergy induced by chemical respiratory allergens. Therefore, the effect of airway irritation by synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) on respiratory allergy to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was studied. Brown Norway (BN) rats were topically sensitized on...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370802105371
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory animals exposed to methyl iodide (MeI) have previously demonstrated lesions of the olfactory epithelium that were associated with local metabolism in the nasal tissues. Interactions of MeI in the nasal passage may, therefore, alter systemic toxicokinetics. The current study used unrestrained plethysmographs...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370802596926
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in unleaded gasoline has given rise to numerous debates on the potential public health risk associated with manganese emissions. In fact, combustion products are mainly Mn phosphate, Mn sulfate, and Mn phosphate/sulfate mixture. Our research group did sever...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370490277245
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated the effects of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter 0.02-1 microm (noted as PM1) inhalation during exercise on conduit artery and microvascular function. Inhalation of internal combustion-derived PM is associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Direct action of PM on t...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370601051727
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulatory guidelines are intended to provide recommendations on ways to achieve greater harmonization in the interpretation and application of technical procedures and requirements for product registration in order to reduce or obviate replication of the testing carried out during the research and development of new ...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.757400
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Gastroesophageal reflux of bile acids plays an important role in the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE)-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Cigarette smoke has been demonstrated to exacerbate the effects of reflux and thus the initial stages of EAC carcinogenesis. To date, no in vivo studies hav...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.568977
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is tied to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially among those with prior cardiac injury. The mechanisms and pathophysiological events precipitating these outcomes remain poorly understood but may involve inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia an...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2014.995387
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The C9 alkylbenzenes, composed mostly of ethyltoluenes and trimethylbenzenes, comprise 75-90% of the naphtha fraction of crude oil. Occupational and environmental exposure to C9 alkylbenzenes occur via inhalation. We conducted short-term inhalation studies on the ethyltoluene isomers (2-, 3- or 4-) to select one isome...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1430190
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study involved withdrawal, aging, and atmospheric transformation of emissions of three coal-fired power plants. Toxicological evaluations were carried out in rats exposed to different emission scenarios with extensive exposure characteriza...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2010.566291
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:This research describes a novel "minitower" dry powder delivery system for nose-only delivery of dry powder aerosols to spontaneously breathing rats. METHODS:The minitower system forces pressurized air through pre-filled capsules to deliver aerosolized drug to four nose ports; three of which house spontaneousl...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958378.2015.1089959
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asthma rates have been increasing worldwide, and exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) may be implicated in this increase. DEP may also play a role in the increased morbidity and mortality associated with ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure. Two types of nasal responses have been reported for human ...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370600743027
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We briefly review the evidence that the carcinogenic risk posed by inhaled fibers depends principally on the lung burden of long fibers. We use a deposition clearance model to generate time-dependent lung burdens in rats of a dozen long fibers for various exposure concentrations. Together with a previously estimated p...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/089583701316941294
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The significance of lung function as an independent risk factor for lung cancer remains unclear. The objective of the study is to answer the question if spirometry can identify patients at risk for lung cancer among people occupationally exposed to asbestos dust in the past. METHODS:In order to identify a gr...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958378.2016.1272652
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this exploratory study within the integrated subchronic inhalation exposure study (Lippmann et al., 2005) was to identify genes in heart and lung tissue that changed in expression level as a result of subchronic exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Identification of CAPs exposure-related c...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370590912851
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Background: While the role of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in NP-induced inflammatory responses has been recognized, the underlying mechanism of LMP is still unclear. The assumption has been that zinc oxide (ZnO)-induced LMP is due to Zn2+; however, little is known about the role of ZnO nanoparticles (NP)...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958378.2020.1743394
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concurrent exposure to SO(2) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) resulted in an increased incidence of lung tumors in rodents compared to exposure to B(a)P alone. A synergistic effect on the expression of c-fos and c-jun between SO(2) and B(a)P was observed in lungs after SO(2) and B(a)P exposure. However, tumorigenesis occurs...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/08958370903341891
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00